Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oils of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., Its Main Constituents, and Possible Mechanism of Action

Table 6

The effect of 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol on formalin-induced pain behavior and edema in mice at different concentrations.

Group	Phase I response		Phase II response		Paw volume (mL)
	Flinching (freq.)	Licking (sec.)	Flinching (freq.)	Licking (sec.)	Baseline	4 h after injection
Normal	2 ± 2	0	2 ± 2	0	0.16 ± 0.2	—
Formalin-2.5%	20 ± 3.45	72 ± 6.78	112 ± 10.67	225 ± 13.14	0.18 ± 0.4	0.32 ± 0.02
CIN-2.5%	8 ± 0.42	12 ± 1.21	15 ± 1.22	87 ± 2.56	0.16 ± 0.2	0.22 ± 0.02
CIN-0.5%	16 ± 0.32	36 ± 1.56	24 ± 1.45	108 ± 2.45	0.17 ± 0.2	0.27 ± 0.02
CIN-0.1%	18 ± 0.56	45 ± 2.24	52 ± 3.46	178 ± 2.55	0.16 ± 0.2	0.29 ± 0.02
TPN-10%	13 ± 0.22	21 ± 2.56	18 ± 4.67	96 ± 6.78	0.17 ± 0.2	0.24 ± 0.02
TPN-2%	18 ± 0.12	35 ± 2.89	46 ± 3.56	122 ± 5.45	0.16 ± 0.2	0.21 ± 0.02
TPN-0.4%	21 ± 0.14	49 ± 1.23	72 ± 1.34	164 ± 7.4	0.16 ± 0.4	0.29 ± 0.02
Diclofenac-1%	2 ± 0.12	12 ± 3.24	22 ± 4.56	54 ± 3.23	0.16 ± 0.2	0.29 ± 0.02

Data are mean ± SEM. The numbers are frequencies (freq.) of flinching and total time (seconds; sec.) spent licking the formalin-injected paw. The behavioral response was measured at a total of 30 min after subplantar injection. compared with the formalin-treated group (n = 6), compared with the normal group. Baseline values of paw volume represent preinjection diameters of paws. , compared with the formalin-treated group (n = 6) (ANOVA with Tukey’s test). CIN: 1,8-cineole; TPN: α-terpineol.