Increasing Warmth in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Efficacy of Mustard and Ginger Footbaths

Table 2

Baseline warmth perception and skin temperature in AN (n = 21) and HC (n = 20) groups.

	Footbath condition			AN vs. HC
	WA	MU	GI	t		ES
Warmth perception (as assessed by the Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire)
Feet^a
AN	2.57 ± 2.01	2.19 ± 2.02	2.62 ± 1.88	−3.68	<0.001	−0.66
HC	3.95 ± 1.54	3.35 ± 1.95	3.65 ± 1.35
Face^a
AN	4.52 ± 0.98	4.52 ± 1.17	4.43 ± 1.36	−1.30	0.20	−0.23
HC	4.60 ± 1.19	5.00 ± 1.08	4.65 ± 0.81
Hands^a
AN	4.19 ± 2.04	3.76 ± 2.59	3.81 ± 2.29	−2.62	0.01	−0.47
HC	5.25 ± 1.21	4.45 ± 1.85	4.80 ± 1.40
Overall warmth^b
AN	2.10 ± 0.70	1.90 ± 1.00	1.76 ± 0.94	−2.54	0.01	−0.45
HC	2.35 ± 0.49	2.10 ± 0.72	2.35 ± 0.59
Skin temperature (as assessed with a high-resolution IR camera in °C)
Feet
AN	27.25 ± 3.49	27.44 ± 4.27	27.16 ± 3.63	−6.71	<0.001	−1.21
HC	32.16 ± 3.12	30.43 ± 4.18	32.18 ± 2.42
Face
AN	34.68 ± 1.27	34.37 ± 1.55	34.43 ± 1.59	−3.88	<0.001	−0.69
HC	35.38 ± 0.76	35.16 ± 0.94	35.40 ± 0.71
Hands
AN	31.52 ± 3.25	30.75 ± 4.54	30.59 ± 4.10	−4.24	<0.001	−0.75
HC	33.75 ± 1.31	32.55 ± 3.41	33.87 ± 0.91

Data are means ± SD of all participants (WA = water, MU = mustard, GI = ginger, AN = adolescents with anorexia nervosa, and HC = healthy controls). ^aTotal score between 0 = cold and 8 = hot; ^btotal score between 0 = cold and 4 = hot.