Increasing Warmth in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Efficacy of Mustard and Ginger Footbaths

Table 3

Mean values for warmth perception and actual skin temperatures at t1, t2, and t3 and mean differences between the footbath conditions (AN and HC data merged together) as a function of time.

WA (n = 41)

MU (n = 41)

GI (n = 41)

WA vs. MU

WA vs. GI

MU vs. GI

Diff1

95% CI

ES

Diff2

95% CI

ES

Diff3

95% CI

ES

Warmth perception (as assessed by the Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire)

Feet^a

t1

3.24 ± 1.91

2.76 ± 2.05

3.12 ± 1.71

0.49

(−0.38; 1.36)

0.25

0.12

(−0.67; 0.92)

0.07

−0.37

(−1.19; 0.46)

−0.19

t2

5.15 ± 1.30

5.66 ± 1.26

5.98 ± 1.52

−0.51

(−1.07; 0.05)

−0.40

−0.83

(−1.45;  −0.21)

−0.59

−0.32

(−0.93; 0.30)

−0.23

t3

4.29 ± 1.54

4.24 ± 1.62

5.32 ± 2.02

0.05

(−0.65; 0.74)

0.03

−1.02

(−1.81;  −0.24)

−0.57

−1.07

(−1.88;  −0.27)

−0.59

Face^a

t1

4.56 ± 1.07

4.76 ± 1.14

4.54 ± 1.12

−0.20

(−0.68; 0.29)

−0.18

0.02

(−0.46; 0.51)

0.02

0.22

(−0.28; 0.72)

0.19

t2

5.10 ± 1.02

5.02 ± 1.04

4.88 ± 1.12

0.07

(−0.38; 0.53)

0.07

0.22

(−0.25; 0.69)

0.20

0.15

(−0.33; 0.62)

0.14

t3

5.10 ± 0.94

4.88 ± 1.08

4.93 ± 0.93

0.22

(−0.23; 0.66)

0.22

0.17

(−0.24; 0.58)

0.18

−0.05

(−0.49; 0.39)

−0.05

Hands^a

t1

4.71 ± 1.75

4.10 ± 2.26

4.29 ± 1.95

0.61

(−0.28; 1.50)

0.30

0.41

(−0.40; 1.23)

0.22

−0.20

(−1.12; 0.73)

−0.09

t2

4.46 ± 1.72

4.29 ± 1.95

4.59 ± 1.52

0.17

(−0.64; 0.98)

0.09

−0.12

(−0.83; 0.59)

−0.08

−0.29

(−1.06; 0.48)

−0.17

t3

4.17 ± 1.87

4.07 ± 2.18

4.49 ± 1.80

0.10

(−0.80; 0.99)

0.05

−0.32

(−1.12; 0.49)

−0.17

−0.41

(−1.30; 0.47)

−0.21

Overall warmth^b

t1

2.22 ± 0.61

2.00 ± 0.87

2.05 ± 0.84

0.22

(−0.11; 0.55)

0.29

0.17

(−0.15; 0.49)

0.23

−0.05

(−0.42; 0.33)

−0.06

t2

2.49 ± 0.71

2.49 ± 0.55

2.44 ± 0.59

0.00

(−0.28; 0.28)

0.00

0.05

(−0.24; 0.34)

0.07

0.05

(−0.20; 0.30)

0.09

t3

2.20 ± 0.71

2.32 ± 0.65

2.39 ± 0.67

−0.12

(−0.42; 0.18)

−0.18

−0.20

(−0.50; 0.11)

−0.28

−0.07

(−0.36; 0.22)

−0.11

Skin temperature (as assessed with a high-resolution IR camera in °C)

Feet

t1

29.64 ± 4.11

28.90 ± 4.44

29.61 ± 3.98

0.74

(−1.14; 2.62)

0.17

0.04

(−1.74; 1.82)

0.01

−0.70

(−2.56; 1.15)

−0.17

t2

33.65 ± 0.71

33.56 ± 1.02

33.45 ± 0.86

0.10

(−0.29; 0.49)

0.11

0.20

(−0.15; 0.55)

0.26

0.10

(−0.31; 0.52)

0.11

t3

31.87 ± 2.06

31.30 ± 2.39

31.25 ± 2.28

0.58

(−0.40; 1.56)

0.26

0.63

(−0.33; 1.58)

0.29

0.05

(−0.98; 1.08)

0.02

Face

t1

35.02 ± 1.10

34.75 ± 1.34

34.90 ± 1.32

0.27

(−0.27; 0.81)

0.22

0.11

(−0.42; 0.65)

0.09

−0.15

(−0.74; 0.43)

−0.12

t2

34.80 ± 1.04

34.65 ± 1.22

34.62 ± 1.24

0.15

(−0.35; 0.65)

0.13

0.18

(−0.32; 0.68)

0.16

0.03

(−0.51; 0.57)

0.02

t3

34.75 ± 1.17

34.72 ± 1.29

34.68 ± 1.32

0.02

(−0.52; 0.57)

0.02

0.07

(−0.48; 0.62)

0.06

0.05

(−0.53; 0.62)

0.04

Hands

t1

32.61 ± 2.71

31.62 ± 4.08

32.19 ± 3.40

0.98

(−0.54; 2.51)

0.28

0.42

(−0.93; 1.77)

0.14

−0.56

(−2.21; 1.09)

−0.15

t2

32.14 ± 2.66

31.03 ± 3.88

31.44 ± 2.96

1.11

(−0.35; 2.58)

0.33

0.70

(−0.53; 1.94)

0.25

−0.41

(−1.93; 1.11)

−0.12

t3

31.06 ± 3.47

30.59 ± 4.19

30.50 ± 3.65

0.47

(−1.22; 2.16)

0.12

0.56

(−1.00; 2.13)

0.16

0.10

(−1.63; 1.82)

0.02

Data are means ± SD (WA = water, MU = mustard, GI = ginger, Diff1 = mean difference of WA minus MU, Diff2 = mean difference of WA minus GI, Diff3 = mean difference of MU minus GI, CI = confidence interval, and ES = Cohen’s d effect size). ^aTotal score between 0 = cold and 8 = hot; ^btotal score between 0 = cold and 4 = hot). Bold indicates confidence intervals that do not contain zero.