Increasing Warmth in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Efficacy of Mustard and Ginger Footbaths
Table 4
Mean values for warmth perception and actual skin temperature at t1, t2, and t3 and mean differences between the study groups (WA, MU, and GI data merged together) as a function of time.
AN (n = 21)
HC (n = 20)
Diff
95% CI
ES
Warmth perception (as assessed by the Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire)
Feeta
t1
2.46 (1.95)
3.65 (1.62)
−1.19
(−1.83; −0.55)
−0.66
t2
5.37 (1.43)
5.83 (1.33)
−0.47
(−0.96; 0.02)
−0.34
t3
4.48 (1.73)
4.77 (1.86)
−0.29
(−0.93; 0.35)
−0.16
Facea
t1
4.49 (1.16)
4.75 (1.04)
−0.26
(−0.65; 0.13)
−0.23
t2
4.65 (0.97)
5.37 (1.02)
−0.72
(−1.07; −0.36)
−0.72
t3
4.89 (0.94)
5.05 (1.03)
−0.16
(−0.51; 0.19)
−0.16
Handsa
t1
3.92 (2.29)
4.83 (1.52)
−0.91
(−1.60; −0.22)
−0.47
t2
4.25 (1.80)
4.65 (1.63)
−0.40
(−1.01; 0.22)
−0.23
t3
3.95 (1.95)
4.55 (1.93)
−0.60
(−1.29; 0.09)
−0.31
Overall warmthb
t1
1.92 (0.89)
2.27 (0.61)
−0.35
(−0.62; −0.08)
−0.45
t2
2.38 (0.71)
2.57 (0.50)
−0.19
(−0.40; 0.03)
−0.30
t3
2.19 (0.64)
2.42 (0.70)
−0.23
(−0.47; 0.01)
−0.34
Skin temperature (as assessed with a high-resolution IR camera in °C)
Feet
t1
27.28 (3.75)
31.59 (3.37)
−4.31
(−5.58; −3.04)
−1.21
t2
33.37 (0.94)
33.74 (0.76)
−0.37
(−0.67; −0.06)
−0.43
t3
30.84 (2.14)
32.13 (2.19)
−1.29
(−2.06; −0.52)
−0.60
Face
t1
34.49 (1.46)
35.31 (0.80)
−0.82
(−1.24; −0.40)
−0.69
t2
34.36 (1.31)
35.03 (0.89)
−0.66
(−1.06; −0.27)
−0.59
t3
34.35 (1.39)
35.10 (0.96)
−0.76
(−1.18; −0.33)
−0.63
Hands
t1
30.95 (3.96)
33.39 (2.22)
−2.43
(−3.57; −1.29)
-0.75
t2
30.99 (3.55)
32.11 (2.73)
−1.12
(−2.24; 0.01)
−0.35
t3
29.99 (3.85)
31.48 (3.53)
−1.49
(−2.80; −0.17)
−0.40
Data are means ± SD (WA = water, MU = mustard, GI = ginger, Diff = mean difference of AN minus HC, CI = confidence interval, and ES = Cohen’s d effect size). aTotal score between 0 = cold and 8 = hot; btotal score between 0 = cold and 4 = hot. Bold indicates confidence intervals that do not contain zero.
