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| Parts used | Country | Ethnomedicinal use | Solvent used | Pharmacological activity | Model used | Phytochemicals | References |
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(1) | Leaves | Nigeria | Treatment of diarrhoea, upper respiratory tract infection, and to hasten labour | Aqueous | Abortifacient | Pregnant rats | Saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, dienolides, phenolics and alkaloids | [55] |
(2) | Leaves | India | To manage diabetes | Ethanolic | Hepato-renal protective effects | Male albino Wistar rats | | [56] |
(3) | Leaves | India | Treatment of allergy/asthma | Hydromethanolic | Antiallergic | Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme | Rhein and kaempferol | [7] |
(4) | Leaves | Thailand | To manage diabetes and weight | Aqueous | Antilipogenic | High-fat diet-induced obese mice | | [57] |
(5) | Leaves | India | Treatment of bacterial infections | Methanol | Antibacterial | Pathogenic bacterial strains | | [58] |
(6) | Leaves | Cameroon | Treatment of gonorrhoea, gastrointestinal and skin diseases | Methanol | Antibacterial | Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri | Kaempferol, luteolin and aloe-emodin | [59] |
(7) | Leaves | India | To manage diabetes | Methanol | Antidiabetic | α-Glucosidase enzyme | Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside | [31] |
(8) | Leaves | Thailand | Treatment of skin infections | Anthraquinone | Antifungal | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Anthraquinone | [60] |
(9) | Leaves | Nigeria | To wash the uterus | Hexane | Anti-implantation, antigonadotropic, antiprogesteronic | Ovariectomized female rats | Alkaloids | [61] |
(10) | Flower | Nigeria | Treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhoea | Methanol | Antibacterial | Bacterial strains | Steroids, anthraquinone glycosides, volatile oils and tannin | [62] |
(11) | Flower | India | To treat scabies and ringworm | Aqueous | Antifungal | Aflatoxin producing and human pathogenic fungi | | [63] |
(12) | Leaves and barks | Malaysia | To treat superficial fungal infections | Ethanol and water | Antimicrobial | Bacterial and fungal strains | | [64] |
(13) | Leaves | Cameroon | | Ethanol | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | White blood cells | | [30] |
(14) | Leaves | India | Used as purgative expectorant, astringent, vermicide | Ethanol | Anticancer | Male Wistar rats | Alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins glycosides | [65] |
(15) | Leaves | Indonesia | Treatment of malaria; antioxidant and antibacterial | Ethanol | Antiviral | DENV-2 and Huh 7it cells | Flavonoid | [66] |
(16) | Petals | India | As an immune stimulant | Petroleum ether | Immunomodulatory | Garra rufa fish | Cardiac glycosides, phenols, anthraquinone, alkaloids | [67] |
(17) | Root | Nigeria | As an abortifacient in women, for the termination of early pregnancy | Ethanol | Uterine smooth muscle | Male and female Albino mice | Alkaloids | [68] |
(18) | Leaves | Burkina Faso | Treatment of asthma-induced bronchospasm | Aqueous and ethanolic | Bronchorelaxant, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic | Male and female Wistar rats | | [69] |
(19) | Leaves | Egypt | Treatment of skin tumour | Methanol | Antitumor | Human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and Caco2) | Palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, stearic acid | [70] |
(20) | Leaves | Thailand | Laxative | Methanol | Anti-inflammatory | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells | Rhein | [71] |
(21) | Leaves, flower and fruit | Nigeria | Laxative and treatment of microbial infections | Methanol and ethanol | Antifungal and antibacterial | Clinical bacterial and fungal isolates | Flavonoids | [72] |
(22) | Leaves | Thailand | In regulating glucose level in the blood | Aqueous | Antilipogenic | Male ICR mice | | [73] |
(23) | Leaves | Cameroon | To cure fever | Aqueous and methanolic | Antiplasmodial | RPMI 1640 and albumax | | [74] |
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