Protocol of the Development of a Core Outcome Set for Ischemic Stroke in Clinical Trials of Chinese Medicine

Xie, Qianwen; Deng, Xueyi; Xiao, Jingmin; Chen, Xueyin; He, Yihan; Yang, Lihong; Liu, Shaonan; Lai, Jiaqi; Cai, Yefeng; Sun, Jingbo; Guo, Xinfeng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2649843

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Discussion Abbreviations Data Availability Additional Points Ethical Approval Consent Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 2649843 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2649843

Protocol of the Development of a Core Outcome Set for Ischemic Stroke in Clinical Trials of Chinese Medicine

Qianwen Xie,^1,2Xueyi Deng,¹Jingmin Xiao,¹Xueyin Chen,¹Yihan He,^1,2,3Lihong Yang,^1,2,3Shaonan Liu,^1,2,3Jiaqi Lai,^1,2,3Yefeng Cai,^1,2Jingbo Sun,^1,2and Xinfeng Guo^1,2,3

Academic Editor: Takao Namiki

Received14 Feb 2020

Revised16 Jul 2020

Accepted29 Jul 2020

Published05 Oct 2020

Abstract

Background. Ischemic stroke (IS) seriously impacts the quality of life of survivors. Chinese medicine (CM) has been developed for more than 2000 years and plays a key role in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Many Chinese medicine clinical trials have been conducted; however, the heterogeneity of outcome measurements and reporting limits implications of the findings in clinical practice and health policy development. Therefore, it is important to develop a core outcome set (COS) that should be used and reported in trials for ischemic stroke treated by Chinese medicine. This protocol describes the process of developing the IS-CM-COS. Methods and Analysis. The development of the COS will involve the following four steps: (1) A list of outcomes reported in the registered and published Chinese medicine trials of ischemic stroke will be extracted by conducting a systematic literature review. (2) An additional outcome list will be collected by semistructured interview to patients with ischemic stroke. (3) A two-round Delphi survey will be performed to prioritize and condense the outcomes. (4) In the consensus meeting, a final recommended COS will be developed. Discussion. The COS could improve the reliability and consistency of outcome reporting. We hope that this IS-CM-COS will be used in the future Chinese medicine trials for the treatment of ischemic stroke and improve research quality. Trial Registration. This study was registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative (http://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/1282).

1. Introduction

It is estimated that stroke is the second largest cause of death globally, with estimated global lifetime risk of 24.9% from the age of 25 years onward [1]. Ischemic stroke, the most common stroke type, is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and disability rates [2] and has a serious impact on the prognosis of patients; for example, patients with dysphagia due to ischemic stroke tend to suffer from pneumonia [3], and poststroke cognitive impairment significantly decreases the quality of life for patients [4]. Accumulating clinical evidence has shown that Chinese medicine including herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Tuina (Chinese massage) plays a vital role in the treatment of ischemic stroke [5–8].

There is, however, insufficient evidence on the efficacy of Chinese medicine for treating ischemic stroke due to the low quality of Chinese medicine clinical trials partly because of mismanagement of their clinical outcomes, such as different outcomes for similar clinical trials [9, 10], the use of improper instruments and time points [11, 12], lack of defining primary outcomes and reporting of adverse events [13], and incomplete reporting of outcomes [14]. These challenges result in exclusion of these clinical trials in meta-analyses [14] and therefore hindering the recommendation of potentially effective Chinese medicine interventions for ischemic stroke [15]. Further, the heterogeneity in measuring and reporting of outcomes limits the implications of the trial results in decision-making [16].

To address these problems, Chinese medicine clinicians and researchers should consider selecting, measuring, and reporting the important, relevant, and appropriate outcomes. This involves the development of a core outcome set (COS) to reach a consensus on outcomes which should be used and reported in Chinese medicine trials [17]. The use of a COS does not preclude the measurement of additional outcomes; rather, it indicates a minimum number of outcomes that should be collected, measured, and reported [17]. Typically, a COS identifies the outcomes of interest and how they should be defined and measured. The Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative has promoted the development and use of COSs. The scope of a COS refers to the specific interest area of health or healthcare that the COS is to be applied. The scope should be described in terms of the health condition, target population, and interventions that the COS is to be applicable to, thus, covering the first two elements of the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes (PICO) structure for a clinical trial. Additionally, development of a COS should involve key stakeholders including clinicians, patients, and caregivers.

There are currently four studies [18–21] on ischemic stroke in the COMET database. However, the developed COSs are only suitable for special patients (pediatric stroke) or specific interventions (angioplasty and stent-assisted angioplasty). It remains unclear whether the COSs can be used in clinical trials for adults with ischemic stroke being treated using Chinese medicine drugs or therapies.

Chinese medicine drugs or therapies are prescribed according to different Chinese medicine syndrome types. To treat patients with ischemic stroke using Chinese medicine, syndrome differentiation is necessary. Doctors should classify the patients into different Chinese medicine syndrome types before deciding the therapy remedies. The efficacy of Chinese medicine treatment depends heavily on whether the classification is done properly. Thus, the first step in developing COSs is finding out the distribution of Chinese medicine syndrome types for patients with ischemic stroke before evaluating the efficacy of Chinese medicine.

Differentiation of syndromes includes the cause, nature, and location of pathologic changes at a certain stage of the disease. Doctors analyze the clinical data regarding symptoms, physical signs, and disease history through inspection, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, and palpation.

The patient’s demographic data (age, sex, height, weight, and family history) as well as Chinese medicine clinical symptoms and signs (urine, stool, diet, sleep, sweat, energy, emotion, tongue conditions, pulse conditions, palm conditions, etc.) is collected. Not all the collected and listed signs and symptoms will be necessary for the diagnosis and evaluation of the syndrome type of ischemic stroke. Core typical features of the syndrome type of ischemic stroke will be found to help describe the typical features of patients with ischemic stroke.

It is important to determine whether outcomes regarding Chinese medicine syndromes could be included in a COS for ischemic stroke. Contrasting with outcomes in Western medicine clinical trials, outcomes regarding Chinese medicine syndromes would also be measured in the evaluation of the effectiveness of Chinese medicine treatment for ischemic stroke patients. There is a need for a COS for Chinese medicine clinical trials on ischemic stroke to achieve a consensus with experts and patients, which can be used to assess ischemic stroke and the associated Chinese medicine syndromes. This protocol presents the process of developing a COS for Chinese medicine clinical trials on ischemic stroke (IS-CM-COS). This IS-CM-COS will determine the short- or long-term outcomes that should be prioritized for measurement and reporting in future Chinese medicine clinical trials on ischemic stroke.

2. Methods

This study was registered with the COMET Initiative (http://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/1282). The research methods adhere to the Core Outcome Set Handbook [17], and this protocol is reported in alignment with the Core Outcome Set Standards for Reporting statement (COS-STAR) [22].

2.1. Scope of IS-CM-COS

The scope of this COS will include adults aged 18 years old and above with ischemic stroke at different stages. Its target interventions will be all types of Chinese medicine therapies (herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Tuina (Chinese massage)). Table 1 shows the 11 recommendations of minimum Core Outcome Set Standards for Development (COS-STAD) to be followed when defining the scope of the COS in this protocol [22].

2.2. Design

The protocol will involve four steps: Step 1. A systematic literature review will be implemented to collect the reporting outcomes in Chinese medicine trials of ischemic stroke Step 2. A semistructured interview will be performed to identify additional important outcomes from the patient’s perspective Step 3. A two-round Delphi survey will be conducted to prioritize and condense the outcomes Step 4. A consensus meeting will be held to develop the IS-CM-COS (Figure 1)

2.3. Step 1: Systematic Literature Review

2.3.1. Inclusion Criteria

We will include the following:(1)Clinical controlled trials regardless participants’ allocation methods which are investigating the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicine interventions for ischemic stroke(2)Chinese medicine interventions include any type of the Chinese medicine therapies(3)Participants are ischemic stroke patients at any stages who aged 18 years old and above

2.3.2. Exclusion Criteria

We will exclude duplicates of published literature and trials that assessed the effects of treatments for comorbidities in patients with stroke (diabetes, atrial fibrillation, etc.).

2.3.3. Search Strategy

We will perform a comprehensive search and identify studies published within the past two years (2017–2019) to capture outcomes reported in recent Chinese medicine clinical trials of ischemic stroke. We will search the following Chinese and English databases using MeSH terms and keywords: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and WANFANG Data. To ensure that more contemporary and relevant outcomes are included, we will also search clinical trial registries including ClinicalTrials.gov and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry to collect registered protocols for randomized controlled trials investigating ischemic stroke from 2014 to 2019. The languages will be restricted to English and Chinese.

2.3.4. Literature Selecting

Two reviewers (QX and XD) will independently screen the titles, abstracts, and full texts of studies. Disagreements will be resolved by consulting a third reviewer.

2.3.5. Data Extraction and Analysis

Two authors (QX and XC) will independently extract data from the included studies, including authors, year of publication, study objectives, study design, sample size, characteristics of participants (age, gender, stage, duration of disease), interventions (types of therapies, duration of treatment), and outcomes (name, definition, measurement instrument/method, and measurement time). Two researchers will extract Chinese medicine syndrome types independently. The data related to Chinese medicine syndrome types will be extracted, including the syndrome name, symptoms and signs, tongue, pulse, and other syndrome information. Classification of Chinese medicine syndrome types follows the criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of apoplexy and the guiding principles of clinical research on the treatment of stroke in modern CM trials. And curative effect evaluation scales such as Chinese medicine syndromes and symptom scores will be extracted. Each syndrome type explains a list of symptoms from various co-occurrence patterns. If all key manifestations of the syndrome type are present on the list, then it is regarded as well supported by the data and selected as a target for further analysis. What we are looking for is the core/key combination of symptoms (symptoms, tongue, pulse, etc.). Chinese medicine syndrome names will be standardized. Any disagreement will be discussed to achieve consensus.

A list of candidate outcomes will be developed. Outcomes with different terminology but identical or similar definition will be grouped together. On the contrary, outcomes shared one name but with different definitions will be labeled as two outcomes. Outcomes and measurements will be ranked according to their frequency in the candidate list. The remaining outcomes will be categorized into different domains [23–25]. Additionally, Chinese medicine syndrome will be added as an independent outcome domain.

2.4. Step 2: Semistructured Interview

The patients’ opinions are important because it is the patients that experience the benefits and adverse effects of treatments. We will perform a semistructured interview to identify patient-centered outcomes. According to the research concept to theoretical saturation, we planned a convenience sample of 10 to 15 participants. According to the principles of purpose-oriented sampling, we will select stroke patients who meet our inclusion criteria from different Chinese medicine hospitals in Guangdong province [26]. These patients will mainly be from the Chronic Disease Management System of Chinese Medicine Hospitals. They either used or are currently using Chinese medicine therapy. These expert patients can better understand the prevention and prognosis of ischemic stroke and Chinese medicine therapy which will enable them to understand the purpose of our research. However, we cannot guarantee the representativeness of the sample during the sample selection. To address this issue, we will select patients varying in gender, age, disease stage, disease severity, levels of education, occupation, family income, etc. This will ensure that patients are as different as possible in the sampling process.

The questions asked during the interview will revolve around Chinese medicine therapies for ischemic stroke. After receiving clarification on the study purpose and the definition of outcomes, the patients will be asked to suggest relevant outcomes based on their experience with ischemic stroke, potentially important outcomes following Chinese medicine treatment and their reasoning based on these choices judgments. The interview outline will be pretested and updated if necessary. The outline items are as follows:(1)When was your ischemic stroke diagnosed?(2)What are the most disturbing issues for you after the stroke? Or what problems do you want to solve?(3)What are your expectations regarding the CM treatments?(4)Are there any inconvenience or shortcomings caused by the CM treatments?(5)Which outcomes are important to you? Which one is the most important?

Narrative data will be indexed and charted to produce a thematic framework. Themes will be derived from issues raised by the participants. Multiple members of the research team will discuss and agree on the outcomes that are important to patients with ischemic stroke. These patient-centered outcomes will be reviewed and added to the candidate outcome list.

2.5. Step 3: Two-Round Delphi Survey

2.5.1. Types of Participants

Experts in ischemic stroke from different clinical departments and research institutes will be invited to form the Delphi panel, including clinicians, nurses, researchers, and statisticians. The diverse backgrounds of the panel members will ensure the comprehensiveness and practicability of the results.

There is no robust method for calculating the required sample size for a Delphi survey; therefore, we estimated the sample size based on COMET Initiative guidelines and previous studies [27–29]. Considering that no-response will occur and too many experts will lead to difficulties in investigations and consensus, the target sample size of the Delphi panel in this study is 50.

The survey consists of 2 rounds. The questionnaire will be designed based on the COS candidate items and sent to the panel members via social media apps, web links, or email. The questionnaire includes the top frequently outcome indicators. A small sample of pilot survey interviewing with neurologists, nurses, and methodology experts will be conducted before the Delphi survey. Following the suggestions from the pilot survey, we will adjust the name and classification of the outcomes and make it clear that what each outcome means and how it is defined in the questionnaire.

2.5.2. Round 1-2 Delphi Surveys

We will conduct a two-round Delphi survey that will include rating scales of the importance of the outcomes and free-text fields. The questionnaires will be distributed to experts via social media apps, web links, or email and required to return within 10 days. We will use the 9-point Likert scale recommended by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) working group to obtain the importance scores of the candidate outcomes. The higher the score is, the more important the outcome is. The outcome will be categorized as limited importance (1 point to 3 points), important but not critical (4 to 6 points), and critical (7 to 9 points).

We will use Microsoft Excel 2016 or SPSS 18.0 software package to qualitatively describe the basic characteristics of the experts including educational experience, profession, professional title, and professional experience (years). We will calculate the expert positive coefficient (rate of returned questionnaire), degree of concentration for expert opinions (mean of importance score) [30], degree of coordination or consistency degree of expert opinions (variability and correlation coefficient calculated by Kendall’s W coefficient) [31], and degree of authority of expert opinions. The degree of authority of expert opinions is calculated on the basis of experts’ familiarity and judgment [32]. The experts’ familiarity with the outcomes will be divided into the following 5 levels: very familiar, familiar, general, unfamiliar, and very unfamiliar. The judgment basis will be grouped into the following 4 types: theoretical basis, practical experience, peer’s opinion, and intuition (choose based on feeling without the use of rational processes and even have no evidence or proof).

In the first round, the participants will receive information on the aims of the study and survey. The importance of each outcome will be scored by participants using the 9-point Likert scale. Participants can add any outcomes which are deemed important but are missing from the outcome list. Participants will be allowed to suggest whether outcomes included in the outcome list need to be modified. If new outcomes are identified or included outcomes are proposed for modification, it will be discussed before the second-round Delphi survey. The results of the first round will be shown to all the participants. If 70% or more of participants score an outcome as 7 to 9 and 30% or less of participants score it as 1 to 3 [17, 33], and the degree of authority and consistency of expert opinions are good, the outcome will be retained into the second round. The second round survey will follow the same process of the first.

2.6. Step 4: Consensus Meeting

In the final phase, a roundtable face-to-face consensus meeting will be held to finalize and develop the COS. All the members of the research team will attend the meeting. Experts who complete the two-round Delphi survey will be invited to attend the consensus meeting. In the meeting, we will present the results of the Delphi survey (i.e., the included and excluded outcomes). Participants will vote “yes” for including the outcome in COS, “no” for excluding the outcome from COS, and “unsure” for neutrality. The criteria of consensus are shown in Table 2 [17, 33]. In this consensus meeting, the final IS-CM-COS will consist of most core outcomes that should be applied in the clinical trials (with an expectant number of no more than 6 outcomes).

3. Discussion

The COS is a standardized minimum outcome set for application in clinical trials and systematic reviews, which helps translate the results into high-quality evidence. The potential bias related to the reporting of outcomes exists in Chinese medicine clinical trials due to a lack of standardization in outcome assessments [34, 35]. Varied selection of outcomes impacts on comparing and evaluating different remedies. To date, there is no COS for Chinese medicine clinical trials on ischemic stroke. We recommend that the proposed COS be adopted as a minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported within the given context. The development of this IS-CM-COS will improve the design and protocol of Chinese medicine trials and help them to comply with international standards.

This protocol development is consistent with the Core Outcome Set Handbook 1.0 [17] and the COS-STAR statement [22]. The outcomes will be obtained through systematic literature review and semistructured interviews. The final COS will be determined using a Delphi survey and consensus meeting.

The systematic review has an important influence on the outcome list of the COS. During the systematic review, we will search the databases for published literature and registered trials to ensure that the outcome list will include as many kinds of outcomes as possible and make sure the outcomes are commonly used at present. In the Delphi survey, the number of rounds of the Delphi survey will affect the consistency of experts’ opinions. With that in mind, we designed two rounds of the Delphi survey, which is the number used by most of the studies [36–39].

The most important feature of our core outcome set is that it will include outcomes related to the Chinese medicine syndromes [40]. Although the outcomes related to the Chinese medicine syndromes are important in Chinese medicine effectiveness judgment, there are no direct evidence to prove its correlation between the Chinese medicine syndrome and the primary endpoints [41], for example, mortality and recurrence. If the outcomes related to the Chinese medicine syndrome will be included in our final IS-CM-COS, after the development of IS-CM-COS, we will conduct a cohort study to test and verify whether Chinese medicine syndrome outcomes could predict endpoints.

These detailed designs will ensure that the IS-CM-COS is able to include important outcomes for multiple stakeholders (patients, Chinese medicine physicians, Chinese medicine researchers, etc.) and make sure that our IS-CM-COS is acceptable and adopted in the future.

Abbreviations

COS:	Core outcome set
CM:	Chinese medicine
IS:	Ischemic stroke
COMET:	Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials
COS-STAR:	Core Outcome Set Standards for Reporting
COS-STAD:	Core Outcome Set Standards for Development
GRADE:	Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

Data Availability

Data and materials are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Additional Points

The development of the COS has started, and the systematic literature review has been completed.

Ethical Approval

This COS development project has received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine in April 2019.

Informed consent was prepared to be signed with the intending participants who would be recruited in the study. Before participation in the study, written informed consent was obtained from all patients who met the inclusion criteria of the semistructured interview.

Disclosure

The sponsors had no involvement in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data or in the writing of the report, and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

QX, LY, SL, YC, and XG conceived the study. All authors contributed to the study design, conduct, and analysis. QX drafted the protocol and coordinated the study. All authors commented on drafts of the protocol and approved the submitted draft. QX, XD, and XC were responsible for searching and selection of studies and data extraction. QX and JX were responsible for the semistructured interview. QX was responsible for the Delphi survey. LY, SL, YH, YC, and XG invited the experts. JS provided their research with professional guidance and initial funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all subjects participating in the study. This study was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1708601) and SECRETS-TCM (SouthErn China REgisTry for Stroke on Traditional Chinese Medicine).

References

GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, V. L. Feigin, G. Nguyen et al., “Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 379, no. 25, pp. 2429–2437, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. J. Crocco, A. Tadros, and S. M. Davis, “Stroke,” in Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight, pp. 171–175, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
J. A. Zivin, “Ischemic cerebovascular disease,” in Goldman’s Cecil Medicine, pp. 2310–2320, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 24 edition, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Gittler and A. M. Davis, “Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery,” JAMA, vol. 319, no. 8, pp. 820-821, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z.-X. Yang, J.-H. Xie, and D.-D. Liu, “Xingnao Kaiqiao needling method for acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of safety and efficacy,” Neural Regeneration Research, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1308–1314, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Brinkhaus, T. Falkenberg, and A. Haramati, “World congress integrative medicine & health 2017: part one,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, no. Suppl 1, p. 322, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Chaobo, L. Yaguo, B. Hu, and W. Jiong, “A randomized controlled trial comparing electroacupuncture with manual acupuncture for motor function recovery after ischemic stroke,” European Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 22, pp. 76–80, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bowen, M. James, and Y. Gavin, National Clinical Guideline for Stroke, 5th edition, 2016, https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/10488/2016-National-Clinical-Guideline-for-Stroke-5th-edition_24-11-16.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Y. N. You, M. R. Cho, J. H. Kim et al., “Assessing the quality of reports about randomized controlled trials of scalp acupuncture combined with another treatment for stroke,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 452, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-G. Li, L.-Q. Wang, X.-Y. Yang et al., “Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin injection for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 34, pp. 74–85, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. H. Chen, M. I. Francesca, and X. M. Gao, “Complex traditional Chinese medicine for poststroke motor dysfunction: a systematic review,” Stroke, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2797–2804, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
W. M. Yang, Z. L. Hao, and S. H. Zhang, “Mailuoning for acute ischaemic stroke,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1, Article ID CD007028, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Wu, M. Liu, H. Liu et al., “Meta-analysis of traditional Chinese patent medicine for ischemic stroke,” Stroke, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1973–1979, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Li, M. Liu, K. Asplund et al., “Acupuncture for acute stroke,” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 36, no. 2, Article ID CD003317, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Peter, B. Julie, and K. Gert, “Stroke rehabilitation,” The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 14, pp. 1693–1702, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
J. J. Kirkham, K. M. Dwan, D. G. Altman et al., “The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews,” BMJ, vol. 340, no. 7747, p. c365, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. R. Williamson, D. G. Altman, and H. Bagley, “The COMET handbook: version 1.0,” Trials, vol. 18, no. Suppl 3, p. 280, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
K. A. Engelmann and L. C. Jordan, “Outcome measures used in pediatric stroke studies,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 23–27, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. C. Schumacher, P. M. Meyers, R. T. Higashida et al., “Reporting standards for angioplasty and stent-assisted angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerosis,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. S451–S473, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. T. Derdeyn, A. J. Furlan, H. Roberts et al., “Trial design and reporting standards for intraarterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. E1–E31, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Tomsick, S. M. Sprinkhuizen, T. Ackerson et al., “An international standard set of patient-centered outcome measures after stroke,” Stroke, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 180–186, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. J. Bernhardt, K. Davis, D. G. Altman et al., “Core outcome set-STAndards for development: the COS-STAD recommendations,” PLoS Medicine, vol. 14, no. 11, Article ID e1002447, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Boers, J. R. Kirwan, G. Beaton et al., “Developing core outcome measurement sets for clinical trials: OMERACT filter 2.0,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 745–753, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Kostanjsek, “Use of the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) as a conceptual framework and common language for disability statistics and health information systems,” BMC Public Health, vol. 11, no. Suppl 4, p. S3, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Geyh, A. Cieza, J. Schouten et al., “IFC core sets for stroke,” Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, vol. 36, pp. 135–141, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. L. Schouten and L. H. Luo, “Study on education research sampling -purpose sampling analysis of conversational method,” Journal of Yunnan Normal University, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 127–129, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Okoli and S. D. Pawlowski, “The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications,” Information & Management, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 15–29, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Zeng, “The Delphi method,” in Modern Epidemiological Methods and Applications, pp. 250–270, Beijing Medical University and China Union Medical University United Press, Beijing, China, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Hasson, S. Keeney, and H. Mckenna, “Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1008–1015, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Sumsion, “The Delphi technique: an adaptive research tool,” British Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 153–156, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Xing, G. X. He, and J. J. Liu, “Research and pre-trial evaluation of the screening index of knowledge survey of tuberculosis prevention and control by the Delphi method,” Chinese Journal of Health Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 91–95, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
L. F. Bian, “Preliminary construction of clinical nursing teacher competency model,” Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 2011, Master thesis.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Fish, C. Sanders, R. Adams et al., “A core outcome set for clinical trials of chemoradiotherapy interventions for anal cancer (CORMAC): a patient and health-care professional consensus,” The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 865–873, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. H. Brewer, Y. N. Sun, and L. Y. He, “Establishment of core outcome sets in the trials of traditional Chinese medicine,” China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 2526–2529, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
R. J. Qiu, M. Li, and S. J. Han, “Interpretation of the COMET handbook (version 1.0) and its insight for developing core outcome sets in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine,” Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1482–1488, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Potter, C. Holcombe, J. A. Ward, J. M. Blazeby, and The Bravo Steering Group, “Development of a core outcome set for research and audit studies in reconstructive breast surgery,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 102, no. 11, pp. 1360–1371, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Blazeby, R. Macefield, N. S. Blencowe et al., “Core information set for oesophageal cancer surgery,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 102, no. 8, pp. 936–943, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. P. Jacobs, R. Gallagher, P. R. Williamson, and R. L. Smyth, “Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials in childhood asthma: a survey of clinicians, parents, and young people,” Trials, vol. 13, no. 1, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kloppenburg, P. Bøyesen, W. Smeets et al., “Report from the OMERACT hand osteoarthritis special interest group: advances and future research priorities,” The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 810–818, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. J. Haugen, Establishion Method of the Core Outcome Set of Clinical Research of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing, China, 2018.
M. X. Liang and X. F. Wang, “Some problems of understanding to be necessarily resolved in study of index and methods of assessment of TCM curative effects,” World Science and Technology-Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31–35, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Qianwen Xie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

432

Downloads

670

Citations