| | Plant | Ethnomedicinal uses | Biological activities |
| | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench | Treatment of syphilis, immunity boosting and treatment of anaemia, cuts, wounds, boils, catarrhal infections, ardor urinae, dysuria, and gonorrhoea [177] | Immunomodulating, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities [178] | | Albizia coriaria (Welw. Ex Oliver) | Treatment of heart diseases, meat allergy, nausea, headaches, mental illness, diarrhea, cough, tuberculosis, anaemia, syphilis, postpartum haemorrhage, snakebites, sore throats, herpes zoster, menorrhagia, stimulating milk production in lactating mothers, threatened abortion, skin diseases, jaundice, cough, steam fumigation treatments for sore eyes, and as a general tonic [33, 142, 179] | Antibacterial activity [58] | | Allium sativum L. | Arteriosclerosis, management of diabetes mellitus, asthma, deafness, leprosy, bronchial congestion, fevers, worms, and liver gall bladder trouble [180] | Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antihyperlipidemic activities [181] | | Annona muricata L. | Leaves are used to treat cystitis, diabetes, headaches, colds, flu, asthma, and insomnia [182] | Antiviral, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic activities [183] | | Artemisia annua L. | Treatment of cough, indigestion, malaria, fever caused by tuberculosis, and jaundice [33] | Antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities [184] | | Beta vulgaris L. | Management of hypertension, purifying blood and liver, and reducing inflammation [32] | Antioxidant and antibacterial activities [94] | | Blighia unijugata Baker | Treating fibroids [43], vomiting, malaria, and skin diseases [185] | Antiplasmodial, antimalarial, and antioxidant activities [186] | | Opuntia species | Treatment of skin wounds, stomach swelling, digestive problems, type 2 diabetes, colitis, high cholesterol, urinary tract infections, weight loss aid to treat obesity and overweight, and as a remedy for alcohol hangovers [40, 41, 187] | Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities [188] | | Cannabis sativa L. | Treatment of cough, tuberculosis, cancer pain, asthma and diarrhea [33], appetite stimulant in debilitating diseases, attenuation of wasting [189], antiemetics, treatment of multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, Tourette’s syndrome, epilepsy, and glaucoma [190] | Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities [191] | | Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. | Management of anaemia [39], dysentery, coughs, chest pains, tuberculosis, stomach complaints, food poisoning, purgative and emetic, roundworm infections and other intestinal parasites. Used as an emollient, stimulant, diuretic and in treatment of skin infections, eczema, leprosy, ulcers, diabetes mellitus, colic, stomach pains, pains after childbirth, gale, inappetence, fever, constipation, malaria, sexually transmitted infection, and rheumatism [33, 192, 193] | Antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities [194, 195] | | Carica papaya L. | Treatment of cough, diarrhea, snake bite, sterility, pain killer, antidotes, promotes labour, cracks on soles of feet, low immunity, loss of memory, measles, erectile dysfunction [42, 43], and fevers [196], leaves used as an antipyretic, for malaria, splenomegaly, and HIV treatment [33, 185, 197, 198]. Fruit used to manage anaemia, worms, asthma, and tonsillitis [199]. Root extracts with that of Carissa edulis and Euclea divinorum used for treatment of venereal diseases [200] | Antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and immunomodulatory activities [106, 107, 201] | | Capsicum frutescens L. | Management of hernia, pancreas disorders, erectile dysfunction (roots) [43]. Used with Clematis hirsuta Perr. & Guill. for treating influenza and mental problems [202], headache, and indigestion [199]. As a salve to relieve muscle, joint, and toothache pain, to treat cough, asthma, and sore throat, as a stimulant, and to treat stomachache, seasickness, and flatulence [203] | Insulinotropic activities [204] | | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. | Treatment of diabetes, malaria, dengue fever, dysentery, insect bites, skin infection, diarrhea, leukemia, eye irritation, dyspepsia, dysentery, toothache, sore throat, and lung congestion [205–207] | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antiandrogenic, and antiangiogenic activities [208] | | Citrus reticulata Blanco, 1837 | Treatment of skin diseases, malaria, and inducing weight loss [42] | Antimalarial and antioxidant activities [121, 122] | | Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf | Treatment of cough, fever, indigestion, pain in fallopian tubes [42, 43], malaria, and dental caries [185] | Antimalarial activity [125] | | Daucus carota L. | Treating skin diseases and wounds [34], fatigue [33], cough, diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, as an antiseptic, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, carminative, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic [209] | Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities [127] | | Elaeodendron buchananii (Loes) Loes. | Treatment of wounds, syphilis, cough, and dysentery [210], blocked fallopian tube [43], candida [211], and urinary tract infections [212] | Antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal activities [211] | | Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. | Treatment of viral infections [133], yellow fever, convulsions, anaemia, infertility in women, hiccup, vomiting, and urinary tract infections [212] | Antifungal activity [133] | | Euclea natalensis A. DC. | Remedy for chest ailments, toothache, bronchitis, pleurisy, asthma, headache, and urinary tract infections [213, 214] | Antiplasmodial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities [215] | | Ficus dawei Hutch. | Treating wounds [43] | NR | | Ficus natalensis Hochst. | Treatment of HIV [198], diarrhea, vomiting, snakebites [33, 44], and heart diseases [179] | NR | | Lovoa trichilioides Harms | Management of skin lesions, infections, and diarrhea [33] | NR | | Kigelia africana Lam. Benth. | Treatment of wounds [35], skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis and leprosy [36], rheumatism, snakebites, and syphilis [216] | Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities [217] | | Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. | Management of anaemia, liver disease, inappetence, stomachache, headache, skin rash, cataracts, throat diseases, conjunctivitis, backache, and snakebites [33, 210, 218] | Antioxidant, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities [143, 144, 219] | | Moringa oleifera Lam. | Cleansing blood and liver, strengthening the heart, increasing fat metabolism to promote weight loss, deworming, improving wound healing, reducing wrinkles, improving digestion, eliminating constipation, and body detoxification [45, 220] | Potent antioxidant, cardioprotective, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory activities [221, 222] | | Oxalis corniculata L. | Treatment of athletes foot, wounds, hypertension, diabetes and hormonal imbalance [43], stomachache and migraine [44], excessive menstruation, cough, and antidote to poisoning [199] | Antifungal and antioxidative activities [223] | | Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman | Used for managing fainting [43], malaria, HIV, cough, chest pain, epilepsy, heart diseases, diarrhea [33, 198], urinary tract infections, pregnancy [44], fever, and inappetence [102] | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimalarial activities [215, 224] | | Vitex fischeri Gürke | Treatment of herpes zoster, skin infections, rashes, tuberculosis [33] | Anticandidal activity [211, 225] | | Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. | Treatment of stomachache, cough, fever, skin rush, diabetes [33, 42, 43], HIV [198], malaria, diarrhea, sickle cell, tuberculosis, pneumonia, colds, ulcers, sore throat, measles, bilharzia, amoebiasis, female sterility, uterine fibroids, and headache [226–230] | Anticandidal, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities [173, 231–233] |
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