The Effect of Electroacupuncture on Dynamic Balance during Stair Climbing for Elderly Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Table 1

The pain score and the temporal-distance, kinematic and kinetic variables of the hip during ascent.

Event	Variables	TEA group (Mean ± SD)		MEA group (Mean ± SD)		Comparisons between groups
		Before	After	Before	After	F value
	Pain	5.17 ± 3.68	2.50 ± 2.20	5.83 ± 4.36	3.05 ± 2.60	0.304	0.585
	Velocity (m/s)	0.49 ± 0.09	0.52 ± 0.06	0.52 ± 0.09	0.51 ± 0.07	1.267	0.269
	Step width (m)	0.09 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.03	0.626	0.434
Hip angle (degree, °)
IC	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	54.72 ± 18.95	51.71 ± 11.49	59.82 ± 12.56	56.17 ± 13.06	0.530	0.472
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	7.39 ± 4.79	6.52 ± 4.09	6.97 ± 5.17	6.34 ± 4.19	0.000	0.989
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−5.36 ± 8.69	−2.51 ± 7.40	−6.89 ± 8.04	−2.04 ± 6.58	0.198	0.659
MS	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	27.05 ± 10.34	27.16 ± 14.15	29.54 ± 9.70	26.92 ± 8.68	0.256	0.616
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	5.79 ± 3.90	3.82 ± 3.62	3.92 ± 4.55	3.30 ± 4.58	0.569	0.45677
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−5.11 ± 9.48	−3.41 ± 8.46	−5.94 ± 7.19	−2.21 ± 6.31	0.631	0.433
TO	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	20.50 ± 5.70	16.92 ± 7.37	19.00 ± 7.46	20.33 ± 6.26	2.789	0.104
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	−1.89 ± 4.83	−4.84 ± 3.09	−2.51 ± 4.50	−3.65 ± 3.18	2.441	0.128
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−6.36 ± 8.14	−5.61 ± 7.13	−7.19 ± 6.78	−4.22 ± 6.83	0.688	0.413
Hip moment (Nm/kg)
IC	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	−0.0495 ± 0.1346	−0.0939 ± 0.1235	−0.0226 ± 0.1360	−0.0572 ± 0.1124	0.519	0.477
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	0.0328 ± 0.0354	0.0236 ± 0.0398	0.0421 ± 0.0320	0.0317 ± 0.0400	0.194	0.663
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	0.0314 ± 0.0363	0.0346 ± 0.0375	0.0444 ± 0.0351	0.0388 ± 0.0463	0.015	0.903
MS	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	−0.3513 ± 0.2381	−0.2101 ± 0.2567	−0.1914 ± 0.1919	−0.1924 ± 0.2025	2.076	0.159
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	−0.5913 ± 0.2111	−0.5727 ± 0.2023	−0.5267 ± 0.2006	−0.6107 ± 0.1357	0.712	0.405
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−0.2504 ± 0.1071	−0.2265 ± 0.1137	−0.2219 ± 0.0890	−0.2482 ± 0.0701	0.643	0.429
TO	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	−0.0139 ± 0.1001	−0.0093 ± 0.0659	0.0603 ± 0.0756	0.01471 ± 0.0608	0.117	0.734
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	0.0163 ± 0.1713	0.0742 ± 0.0402	0.0617 ± 0.0562	0.0823 ± 0.0504	0.232	0.633
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−0.0060 ± 0.0763	0.0115 ± 0.0256	0.0237 ± 0.0221	0.0261 ± 0.0199	2.084	0.159
Margin of stability (m)
IC	A/P direction	0.0926 ± 0.1251	0.1041 ± 0.1085	0.0851 ± 0.1234	0.1123 ± 0.1073	0.089	0.768
	M/L direction	−0.0282 ± 0.1115	−0.0546 ± 0.1020	−0.0301 ± 0.1085	−0.0625 ± 0.0914	0.057	0.813
TO	A/P direction	−0.1665 ± 0.0387	−0.1769 ± 0.0344	−0.1677 ± 0.0288	−0.1797 ± 0.0360	0.050	0.825
	M/L direction	−0.1344 ± 0.0281	−0.1390 ± 0.0290	−0.1334 ± 0.0291	−0.1380 ± 0.0317	0.004	0.947
MS	A/P direction	−0.0080 ± 0.0190	−0.0049 ± 0.0077	−0.0044 ± 0.0219	−0.0021 ± 0.0119	0.610	0.440
	M/L direction	−0.0641 ± 0.0538	−0.0462 ± 0.0606	−0.0658 ± 0.0620	−0.0522 ± 0.0613	0.077	0.783
MIN	A/P direction	−0.1642 ± 0.0396	−0.1741 ± 0.0363	−0.1637 ± 0.0343	−0.1767 ± 0.0394	0.093	0.762
	M/L direction	−0.1368 ± 0.0272	−0.1412 ± 0.0268	−0.1354 ± 0.0281	−0.1396 ± 0.0316	0.012	0.914