Evoking the Withdrawal Reflex via Successive Needle-Pricking on the Plantar and Dorsal Aspect of the Foot Increases the FMA of the Lower Limb for Poststroke Patients in Brunnstrom Stage III: A Preliminary Study
Table 4
Active range of motion of the lower limb (AROM-LL).
Group
AROM-LL
Results (°)
value (within group)
Baseline (D0)
After 3 days (D3)
After 6 days (D6)
Intervention group
Hip flexion
35.47 ± 21.68
67.83 ± 28.59
83.80 ± 28.73
≤0.001
≤0.001
0.001
Hip extension
1.05 ± 2.66
4.81 ± 4.35
8.27 ± 4.73
≤0.001
≤0.001
≤0.001
Knee flexion
68.38 ± 48.88
108.44 ± 33.68
116.16 ± 33.24
≤0.001
≤0.001
≤0.001
Knee extension
62.77 ± 38.47
86.66 ± 14.14
88.33 ± 7.07
0.004
0.005
0.638
Ankle flexion
1.38 ± 4.79
2.66 ± 5.45
5.88 ± 8.72
0.133
0.017
0.027
Ankle extension
0.83 ± 3.53
2.11 ± 4.22
4.05 ± 4.62
0.133
0.003
0.009
Control group
Hip flexion
36.88 ± 18.81
45.17 ± 21.89
56.52 ± 26.42
0.006
≤0.001
0.030#
Hip extension
1.47 ± 3.59
1.88 ± 3.46
3.00 ± 4.01
0.248
0.041
0.035
Knee flexion
71.58 ± 43.00
77.82 ± 39.11
90.88 ± 41.72
0.344
0.026#
0.013
Knee extension
68.41 ± 32.23
75.88 ± 27.34
76.17 ± 31.00
0.157
0.264
0.940
Ankle flexion
1.05 ± 2.01
0.94 ± 1.81
1.05 ± 2.01
0.743
1.000
0.332
Ankle extension
0.76 ± 1.75
0.64 ± 1.49
0.76 ± 1.75
0.745
1.000
0.336
: D0 compared with D3, : D0 compared with D6, : D3 compared with D6. ,: within-group comparisons ,: between-group comparisons.
