The Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Saudi Older Adults: A Population-Based Study
Table 2
Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with utilization of complementary alternative medicine among Saudi older adults 2006–2007 (N = 2,946).
Characteristics
OR
95% CI
Male
0.919
[0.728,1.158]
Age (60–65)
1
[1,1]
66–70
1.051
[0.842,1.311]
71–75
1.064
[0.828,1.366]
76–80
1.18
[0.880,1.583]
81–85
0.964
[0.659,1.412]
86–90
1.302
[0.786,2.157]
>90
0.687
[0.354,1.330]
Level of education (ref : illiterate)
1
[1,1]
Less than 8 years
1.027
[0.819,1.289]
Intermediate to high school
0.606
[0.417,0.881]
University or higher
0.921
[0.503,1.689]
Smoking history (ref : never smoke)
1
[1,1]
Ex-smoker
1.430
[1.089,1.877]
Occasional smoker
1.195
[0.471,3.037]
Daily smoker
1.707
[1.144,2.547]
Income (SR) (ref: < 2,500)
1
[1,1]
>10000
1.018
[0.677,1.530]
9,999–7,500
1.536
[0.998,2.363]
7,499–5,000
1.222
[0.903,1.655]
4,999–2,500
1.165
[0.945,1.438]
Marital status (ref : monogamy)
1
[1,1]
Polygamy
0.826
[0.647,1.054]
Widowed
0.85
[0.661,1.093]
Single
0.915
[0.588,1.424]
Separated
2.399
[1.297,4.438]
Rural (ref : urban)
2.569
[1.981,3.330]
Five regions of Saudi Arabia (ref : central)
1
[1,1]
Western
1.678
[1.322,2.129]
Eastern
2.183
[1.615,2.952]
Southern
0.592
[0.459,0.763]
Northern
0.763
[0.535,1.087]
BMI WHO categories (Ref: 18.5 to 25)
1
[1,1]
< 18.5
1.397
[0.717,2.720]
From 25 to 30
1.276
[0.655,2.483]
More than 30
1.329
[0.678,2.604]
Cognitive impairmentℵ (ref : normal)
1
[1,1]
Mild
0.563
[0.424,0.746]
Moderate
0.471
[0.291,0.759]
Severe
0.394
[0.211,0.734]
Depression (ref : normal)◊
1
Suggestive of depression
1.261
[1.013,1.570]
Depression
1.519
[0.842,2.738]
Diabetes mellitus
0.882
[0.742,1.049]
Hypertension
1.087
[0.909,1.299]
Stroke
0.436
[0.213,0.893]
Cancer
0.395
[0.216,0.722]
Ischemic heart disease
0.845
[0.544,1.314]
Metabolic disorders
0.505
[0.422,0.606]
Acute kidney failure and chronic kidney disease
0.303
[0.143,0.644]
Neck pain
1.691
[1.292,2.212]
Back pain
1.257
[1.051,1.503]
Blood in stools
0.543
[0.312,0.945]
Headache
1.083
[0.906,1.294]
Feeling fainted
3.202
[2.424,4.228]
Feeling fatigued
1.725
[1.345,2.212]
Availability of pharmacy (ref: not available)
1
[1,1]
Available only
2.188
[1.330,3.600]
Accessible only
2.894
[1.638,5.111]
Available and accessible
0.936
[0.602,1.455]
Availability of healthcare center (ref: not available)
1
[1,1]
Available only
0.996
[0.526,1.886]
Accessible only
0.924
[0.436,1.960]
Available and accessible
0.994
[0.546,1.811]
Availability of hospital (ref: not available)
1
[1,1]
Available only
0.556
[0.338,0.914]
Accessible only
0.686
[0.388,1.213]
Available and accessible
1.096
[0.687,1.748]
Observations
2,946
OR : odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI : body mass index; WHO : World Health Organization; ℵ based on Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ); ◊ based on Geriatric Depression Scale, ,, and .
