Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities

Table 3

Antiplasmodial/antimalarial activities of investigated plants used for malaria treatment in Kenya and their active chemical constituents.

Plant	Part used	Extracting solvent	Antiplasmodial (IC50 μg/ml)/antimalarial activity (Plasmodium strain)	Active phytochemicals and toxicity information	Reference (s)
Justicia betonica L.	Shoot	Methanol, water, ether	69.6 (K39), >100 (K39), 13.36 μg/ml	Justetonin (indole(3,2-b) quinoline alkaloid glycoside)	[117, 118]
Allium sativum L.	Synthetic	Ethanol	50 mg/kg of ajoene suppressed development of parasitemia; ajoene (50 mg/kg) and chloroquine (4.5 mg/kg), given as a single dose, prevented development of parasitemia	Ajoene, nontoxic	[119]
Acmella caulirhiza	Whole plant	Dichloromethane	9.939 (D6); 5.201 (W2)	No reports	[56]
Aloe kedongensis Reynolds	Leaves	Methanol	87.7 (D6); 67.8 (W2)	Anthrone, C-glucoside homonataloin, anthraquinones, aloin, lectins	[120, 121]
Aloe secundiflora Eng.	Leaf exudate	Tested direct	66.20 (K39)	No reports	[58]
Achyranthes aspera L.	Leaf, stem, roots, seeds	Ethanol	>100, 76.75, >100, >100 μg/ml	Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids	[122]
Artemisia annua L.	Leaves	Water	1.1 (D10), 0.9 (W2)	Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin; safe and effective; artemisinin is safe for pregnant women	[120, 123, 124]
Bidens pilosa L.	Leaves	Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol	8.5, 5, 11, 70 (D10)	No reports	[76]
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock	Leaves	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water	>100, 21, 60, >100 (D10)	No reports	[76]
	Stem	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water	85, 24, 38, >100 (D10)
	Roots	Dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, water	23, 36, 40, >100 (D10)
Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss	Stem bark, leaves	Ethanol	>50 (FcB1)	Triterpenoids	[50, 125]
	Leaves, roots	Methanol	43.92 (D6), 51.2 (W2); >100 (D6), 80.44 (W2)
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl	Stem bark, root bark, roots	Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol	33 (D10), 6.41 (D6), >250, 148.53 and >250, >250 against ENT 30, and NF 54, respectively	Lignan, nortrachelogenin, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20, LD50 of 260.34, and 186.71 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[48, 53, 76]
Euphorbia tirucalli L.	Leaves	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), methanol, water	12, 23.5, >100, 83 (D10)	No reports	[76]
Psiadia punctulata	Twigs	Dichloromethane, water	9, >100 (D10)	No reports	[76]
	Leaves	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	14, 22.5, >100 (D10)
	Whole plant	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	18 (D10), >100 (D10)
Ricinus communis L.	Leaves	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	27.5, >100 (D10)	No reports	[76]
	Stems	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	8, >100 (D10)
	Fruit	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	90, >100 (D10)
Catharanthus roseus G. Don	Leaves	Methanol	4.6 (D6); 5.3 (W2)	Has neurotoxic alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes	[57, 126]
Caesalpinia volkensii Harms	Leaves	Decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, water	480, 481, 490, 858, 404 (FCA: 20 GHA), 923, 960, 250, 961, 563 (W2)	No reports	[11]
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd	Leaves	Methanol	9.1 (, D6); 3.9 (W2)	Acacetin, genkwanin, 7-methoxyacacetin; cytotoxicity observed in Vero cells	[57, 127]
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Ktze	Leaves	Chloroform, dichloromethane	<5 (both NF54 and FCR3)	E-Phytol, 6e-geranylgeraniol-19-oic acid; cytotoxic to human foetal lung fibroblast cell lines	[18, 25, 128, 129]
Cucumis aculeatus Cogn	Fruit	Water	>30	No reports	[62]
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.)	Whole plant	Water	22.5 (D6); 51.8 (W2)	Schkuhrin I and schkuhrin II; methanol extract: low cytotoxicity against human cells; aqueous extracts: no toxicity observed in mice	[57, 130]
Solanecio mannii (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey	Leaves	Methanol	21.6 (3D7); 26.2 (W2)	Phytosterols, n-alkanes, and N-hexacosanol	[120, 128]
Tagetes minuta L.	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	61.0% inhibition at 10 μg/ml	No reports	[130]
Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray	Leaves, aerial parts	Methanol, ether	1.2 (3D7), 1.5 (W2), methanolic extract had 74% parasitemia suppression	Tagitinin C and sesquiterpene lactones; aerial parts are cytotoxic against cells from the human foetal lung fibroblast cell line.	[128, 131–133]
Vernonia amygdalina Del.	Leaves	Methanol/dichloromethane, ethanol	2.7 (K1), 9.83. In vivo parasite suppression of between 57.2 and 72.7% in combination with chloroquine	Vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxy vernodalin, and steroid glucosides; petroleum ether extract shows strong cytotoxicity	[111, 120, 130, 131, 134, 135]
Vernonia auriculifera (Welw.) Hiern	Leaves	Ethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water	>100, 37.7, 40.3, 55.2, >100 (K39)	No reports	[35]
Vernonia brachycalyx O. Hoffm. Schreber	Leaves	Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol	6.6, 31.2 (K39) 29.6, 30.2 (V1/S)	5-Methylcoumarin isomers, 16,17-dihydrobrachycalyxoloid	[58]
Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm.	Leaves	Methanol	44.3 (D6); 52.4 (W2)	Sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides	[57, 120]
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum.	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	71% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml	Phenylpropanoid glycosides, cycloartane triterpenoids, musambins A-C, Candmusambiosides A-C	[130, 136]
Spathodea campanulata	Stem bark, leaves	Ethyl acetate, ethanol	28.9% inhibition of P. falciparum	Quinone (lapachol)	[130, 137, 138]
Cassia didymobotrya Fres.	Leaves	Methanol	23.4 (D6); undetectable (W2)	Alkaloids	[57]
Warbugia ugandensis Sprague	Stem bark	Methanol, water	6.4 (D6); 6.9 (W2), 12.9 (D6); 15.6 (W2)	Coloratane sesquiterpenes, e.g., muzigadiolide	[57, 131, 139–141]
		Dichloromethane	69% parasite inhibition
Carica papaya L.	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	2.96 (D10), 3.98 (DD2)	Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides; no serious toxicity reported; carpaine, an active compound against P. falciparum had high selectivity and was nontoxic to normal red blood cells	[142, 143]
Maytenus senegalensis	Roots	Ethanol	1.9 (D6), 2.4 (W2)	Terpenoids, pentacyclic triterpenes, e.g., pristimerin; no toxicity observed in ethanol extract	[144, 145]
Ethulia scheffleri S.Moore	Leaves	Chloroform/ethyl acetate/methanol	49.8 (K39), 32.2 (V1/S)	No reports	[58]
Combretum molle G. Don	Stem bark	Acetone	8.2 (3D7)	Phenolics, punicalagin	[146]
Momordica foetida Schumach	Shoot	Water	6.16 (NF54); 0.35 (FCR3)	Saponins, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides; no pronounced toxicity against human hepatocellular (HepG2) and human urinary bladder carcinoma (ECV-304, derivative of T-24) cells	[25, 134, 147]
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach	Leaves	Methanol	7.8 (D6); 11.3 (W2)	Diterpenes	[57]
Croton macrostachyus Olive.	Leaves	Chloroform, dichloromethane	Chemotherapeutic effect of 66–82%, 2 (D6)	Triterpenoids including lupeol	[14, 56]
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd) Voigt	Leaves	Water/methanol	2.0 (W2)	Bergenin, nontoxic, extracts exposed to murine macrophages did not slow or inhibit growth of cells	[148, 149]
Erythrina abyssinica Lam.	Stem bark	Ethyl acetate	83.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml	Chalcones (5-prenylbutein and homobutein), flavanones including 5-deoxyabyssinin II, abyssinin III, and abyssinone IV	[130, 137]
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth	Bark, fruit	Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol	59.9 (K39), 83.8 (V1/S); fruits had 165.9 (K39)	No reports	[58]
Trichilia emetica Vahl	Leaves, twigs	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	3.5 for all (D10)	Kurubasch aldehyde	[76, 150]
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leaves, twigs	Methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	>100 (K39), 9.5 (D10)	Quinones	[35, 76, 117]
Tamarindus indica L.	Stem bark	Water	25.1% chemosuppressive activity at 10 mg/kg (P. berghei)	Saponins (leaves), tannins (fruits)	[73]
Harungana madagascariensis Lam.	Stem bark	Water, ethanol	9.64 (K1); <0.5 with 28.6–44.8% parasite suppression	Quinones including bazouanthrone, ferutinin A, harunganin, harunganol A, anthraquinones, saponins, steroids	[137, 151–153]
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane and Mabb	Leaves	Methanol	9.51–10.56 and 82% parasite suppression at 600 mg/kg	No reports	[154]
Leucas calostachys Oliv.	Leaves	Methanol	3.45 with parasite inhibition of 3.5–5.2%	No reports	[82]
Ajuga remota Benth.	Whole plant	Ethanol; decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, and water	55 (FCA/GHA), 57 (W2); 937, 55, 149, 504, 414 (FCA/GHA), 371, 57, 253, 493, 101 (W2)	Ajugarin-1, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, 8-oacetylharpagide, steroids	[11, 14]
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill	Root bark	Water, methanol	≤10 (K67), (ENT36)	Alkaloids	[96, 155]
Clerodendrum myricoides R. Br.	Root bark	Ethanol	4.7 (D6); 8.3 (W2)	No reports	[156, 157]
		Chloroform	>10 (D6)	Cytotoxicity, IC50 > 20.0 μg/ml	[48]
Hoslundia opposita Vahl.	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	66.2% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml	Quinones, saponins, abietane diterpenes (3-obenzoylhosloppone)	[50, 130]
	Roots; aerial parts	Methanol	79.38 (D6), 64.21 (W2); 19.73 (D6), 29.41 (W2)
Leonotis nepetifolia	Leaves	Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	27.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml, 15, >100 (D10)	No reports	[76, 130]
Ocimum basilicum L.	Leaves, whole plant	Ethanol	68.14 (3D7); 67.27 (INDO)	No reports	[156, 157]
Ocimum gratissimum Wild	Leaves/twigs	Dichloromethane	8.6 (W2)	Flavonoids	[56, 158]
Ocimum suave Wild	Leaves	Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture	100 mg/kg/day of extracts provided 81.45% and 78.39% parasite chemosuppression		[71]
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews	Leaves	Dichloromethane	No activity	No toxicity recorded	[56, 71]
	Root bark	Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture	100 mg/kg/day of extracts had 55.23% and 78.69% parasite chemosuppression
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Leaves	Water, methanol	17.9 (D6); 43.7 (W2)	Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin, limonoids: khayanthone, meldenin, and nimbinin; cytotoxicity LD50 of 101.26 and 61.43 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53, 144, 158–160]
Melia azedarach	Leaves	Methanol, dichloromethane	55.1 (3D7), 19.1 (W2); 28	No reports	[161, 162]
Ficus thonningii Blume	Leaves	Hexane	10.4	No reports	[163]
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich.	Root bark, root	Methanol, ethyl acetate	8.8 (D6); 9.2 (W2); root extract <3.91 (D6), 0.24 (W2) for the active compound (curine)	Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, curine	[74, 75, 157]
Acacia nilotica L.	Stem bark	Methanol	100 mg/kg produced 77.7% parasitic inhibition	Tannins, flavonoids, terpenes	[53, 164]
		Water, methanol	>250, 153.79 (ENT 30), 73.59, 70.33 (NF 54)	LD50 of 368.11 and 267.31 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv	Stem bark	Methanol	15.2 (D6); 16.8 (W2)	Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone	[57]
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Whole plant	Dichloromethane, methanol	2.15 (D6); 3.444 (W2), 11.5 (D6); 12.1 (W2)	Flavonoids	[57]
Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr.	Stem bark	Methanol	1.0 (K1)	Flavonoids mainly 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone; aqueous extract is relatively safe on subacute exposure	[165, 166]
Maesa lanceolata Forsk.	Twig	Dichloromethane: methanol (1 : 1)	5.9 (D10)	Lanciaquinones, 2,5, dihydroxy-3-(nonadec-14-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone	[76, 128, 167]
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen.	Leaves	Dichloromethane	6.9 (D10)	Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids	[168]
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman	Stem bark	Methanol	17.3 (D6); not detected (W2)	Terpenoids	[57]
Pentas longiflora Oliv.	Root	Methanol	0.99 (D6); 0.93 (W2)	Pyranonaphthoquinones, pentalongin and psychorubrin, and naphthalene derivative mollugin; low cytotoxicity	[169]
Teclea nobilis Delile	Bark	70% ethanol	53.27% suppression of parasitemia at 700 mg/kg	Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids	[167, 170]
		Ethyl acetate	54.7% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml	Quinoline alkaloids	[130]
Toddalia asiatica	Root bark, fruits, and leaves	Methanol, water, ethyl acetate, hexane	6.8 (D6); 13.9 (W2); ethyl acetate fruit extract (1.80 mg/ml), root bark aqueous (2.43) (W2)	Furoquinolines (nitidine and 5,6-dihydronitidine), coumarins; acute and cytotoxicity of the extracts, with the exception of hexane extract from the roots showed LD50 > 1000 mg/kg and CC50 > 100 mg/ml, respectively	[84, 157]
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.	Stem bark	Water	4.3 (NF54); 25.1 (FCR3)	Chelerythine, nitidine, and methyl canadine; no toxicity recorded	[25, 71]
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.	Leaves	Methanol	>50 (3D7)	No reports	[128]
Harrisonia abyssinica Olive.	Roots	Water, methanol	4.4 (D6), 10.25 (W2); 89.74, 79.50 (ENT 30); 86.56, 72.66 (NF 54)	Limonoids and steroids; LD50 of 234.71 and 217.34 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53, 144]
Lantana camara L.	Leaves, leaves/twigs	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	8.7 (3D7), 5.7 (W2), 11 (D10), >100 (D10), >100 (D10)	Lantanine, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids	[76, 171]
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.	Roots	Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	86.5 (D10), 78 (D10), >100 (D10)	No reports	[76]
Clausena anisata	Twigs, leaves	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	18 (D10), >100 (D10); 55, >100 (D10)	No reports	[76]
Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Baill.	Leaves/twigs	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	19 (D10), 11.4 (D10); Alkaloids: Securinine and viroallosecurinine had IC50 of 2.7 and 2.9	Alkaloids, bergenin (root bark), securinine, and viroallosecurinine	[76, 172–174]
Lantana trifolia L.	Ariel parts	Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol	13.2, >50, >50 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase)	Steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins	[125]
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.	Stem bark, leaves	Methanol	158.7 (K1)	No reports	[175]
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.	Root bark	Chloroform	3.49 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii	Root bark	Chloroform	3.78 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Boscia angustifolia	Inner bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Acacia tortilis	Root bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Commiphora schimperi	Inner bark	Chloroform	4.63 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Acacia mellifera	Inner bark	Chloroform	4.48 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Fuerstia africana	Leaf, aerial parts, leaves	Chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol	3.76 (D6), 1.5, <15 with >70% parasite suppression	Ferruginol, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48, 65, 131, 176]
Psiadia punctulata	Root bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham	Leaves	Methanol	35.17% at 800 mg/kg/day parasite suppression	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, steroids, tannins, phenols, and fatty acids; no lethal effect on mice in 24 h and within 10 days of observation	[177]
Albizia gummifera		Methanol	0.16 (NF54), 0.99 (ENT 30) for alkaloidal fraction, spermine alkaloids had parasite suppression of 43–72%	Spermine alkaloids (budmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxybudmunchiamine K, 5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxy-5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 9-normethylbudmunchiamine K)	[178]
Rhamnus staddo	Root bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Ocimum kilimandscharicum	Leaves, twigs	Dichloromethane	0.843 (D6); 1.547 (W2)	No reports	[56]
Gutenbergia cordifolia	Leaves	Chloroform	0.4 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 = 0.2 μg/ml	[48]
Piper capense	Root bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Pentas lanceolata	Root bark	Chloroform	5.15 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Clematis brachiata	Root bark	Chloroform	4.15 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Ekebergia capensis	Inner bark, fruit, twigs	Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	3.97 (D6), 10, 18 (D10)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48, 76]
Rhamnus prinoides	Root bark	Chloroform	3.53 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Olea europaea ssp. Africana	Inner bark, leaves, twigs	Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	9.48 (D6), 12, 13 (D10)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48, 76]
Pappea capensis	Inner bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims	Whole plant, leaves/flowers	Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	3, 10, 27.7, (D10), 28, 47, 70.5 (D10)	Triterpenoid estersaponin, pittoviridoside (saponins)	[76, 179, 180]
Podocarpus latifolius	Root bark	Chloroform	6.43 (D6)	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Root	Dichloromethane	<15	No reports	[176]
Rubus pinnatus Wild	Leaves	Ethanol	20% parasite suppression	No reports	[130]
Zanthoxylum gilletii	Stem bark	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	2.52 (W2), 1.48 (D6), 1.43 (3D7)	Nitidine, seas amine 8-acetyl dihydrochelerythrine	[86, 176]
Solanum incanum L.	Leaves	Chloroform/methanol	31% parasite suppression	No reports	[87]
Rhoicissus tridentata	Roots	Water	>40.0	No reports	[62]
Acacia hockii	Root bark	Chloroform	>10.0 (D6); not active	Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml	[48]
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng	Roots	Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol	16.7, 40.6 (K39), 19.2, 40.1 (V1/S)	No reports	[58, 76]
	Roots, stem	Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	3.8, 27, 24 (D10), 4.5, 21.8, 29.8 (D10)
Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Gürke	Roots, leaves	Methanol	27.63 (D6), 52.35 (W2); 7.75 (D6), 9.02 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Allophylus pervillei Blume	Roots, stem bark	Methanol	45.62 (D6), 48.91 (W2); >100 (D6),>100 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Aganthesanthemum bojeri Klotzsch.	Whole plant	Methanol	55.3 (D6), 55.97 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Abrus precatorius L.	Leaves	Methanol	85.59 (D6), >100 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Combretum illairii Engl.	Stem bark, leaves	Methanol	55.96 (D6), 58.54 (W2); 24.21 (D6), 33.31 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Grewia plagiophylla K. Schum	Leaves, stem bark	Methanol	13.28 (D6), 34.2 (W2); >100 (D6), >100 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Combretum padoides Engl. & Diels	Roots	Methanol	21.73 (D6), 59.43 (W2)	Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml	[50]
Uvaria acuminata	Leaves, roots	Methanol	51.13 (D6), >100 (W2); 8.89 (D6), 6.90 (W2)	Cytotoxic with CC50 of 2.37 μg/ml.	[50]
Ormocarpum trachycarpum	Roots	Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol, water	19.6, 41.7, 79.4 (K39); 17.5, 32.8 (V1/S)	No reports	[58]
Plectranthus sylvestris Gurke	Leaves	Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol	41.1, 56.2 (K39); 61.0 (V1/S)	No reports	[58]
Turraea robusta	Root bark	Water, methanol	25.32, 2.09 (D6), 42.41, 10.32 (W2)	IC50 of 24.38 and 45.72 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells (cytotoxic)	[49]
Lannea schweinfurthii	Stem bark	Water, methanol	10.55 and 75.90, 11.38 and 36.26 (D6 and W2)	IC50 of 225.25 and 3256.52 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells	[49]
Sclerocarya birrea	Stem bark	Water, methanol	18.96 and 71.74, 5.91 and 24.96 (D6 and W2)	IC50 of 361.24 and 3375.22 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells	[49]
Withania somnifera	Stem bark	Water, methanol	>250, >250 (ENT 30); 145.86, 125.59 (NF 54)	LD50 of 301.44 and 207.27 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Zanthoxylum usambarense	Stem bark	Water, methanol	14.33, 5.25 (ENT 30); 5.54, 3.20 (NF 54)	LD50 of 260.90 and 97.66 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Fagaropsis angolensis	Stem bark	Water, methanol	10.65, 6.13 (ENT 30); 5.04, 4.68 (NF 54)	LD50 of 173.48 and 57.09 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Myrica salicifolia	Stem bark	Water, methanol	85.97, 66.84 (ENT 30); 55.89, 51.07 (NF 54)	LD50 of 328.22 and 320.17 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Strychnos henningsii Gilg	Stem bark	Water, methanol	73.39, 67.16 (ENT 30); 190.0, 159.71 (NF 54)	LD50 of 293.93 and 101.22 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Neoboutonia macrocalyx	Stem bark	Water, methanol	92.85, 84.56 (ENT 30); 78.44, 78.40 (NF 54)	LD50 of 41.69 and 21.04 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts	[53]
Urtica massaica Mildbr.	Aerial parts	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol	>100 (K39)	No reports	[35]
Uvaria scheffleri Diels	Leaves, stem, root bark	Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol	5–500 (K1)	Indole alkaloid-(±L)-schefflone, uvaretin, diuvaretin	[181, 182]
Rauwolfia cothen	Root bark	Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol	0–499 (K1)	Yohimbine, an indole alkaloid	[183, 184]
Tridax procumbens L.	Whole plant	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water	17 (D10), >100 (D10)	Bergenin	[76, 184, 185]
Centella asiatica	Leaves	Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1)	8.3 (D10)	Alkaloids, sesquiterpenes	[76, 186]
Ficus sur	Stem bark	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol	19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39)	No reports	[35]
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond.	Whole plant	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol	19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39)	No reports	[35]
Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc.	Whole plant	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol	>100 (K39)	No reports	[35]
Senna occidentalis	Leaves	Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol	48.80 (3D7), 54.28 (NIDO); <3;	Quinones	[156, 187, 188]
		Ethanol, dichloromethane	>60% parasitemia suppression
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex C. Krauss)	Leaves	Chloroform	1.8 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase)	No reports	[125]

Plasmodium falciparum isolates: D6, 3D7, D10, FCA/GHA (FCA: 20 GHA), FCR3, K39, and NF54 are chloroquine sensitive; DD2, ENT 30, FCR3, K1, NIDO, V1/S, and W2 are chloroquine resistant. For [48], control used for cytotoxicity study (vinblastine) had the effective dose to inhibit 50% growth (ED₅₀) = 0.038 μg/ml. An ED₅₀ greater than 20 μg/ml indicates that the plant extract lacks cytotoxicity. The control drug chloroquine had a toxicity of 17.4 μg/ml and IC₅₀ of 0.004 μg/ml against D6 clone.