HM: mothers used about 4–6 foremilk (before lactation) cord stump and let the milk to completely dry. The starting time for applying the pertinent substances is considered 4 hours after birth. The researchers asked the mother to apply milk drops 3 times a day since the 4th hours of birth until UCS and 2 days after; DCC: NI.
HM: mother’s secreted milk was directly applied to the remaining part of the cord and allowed the milk to get completely dry. This intervention beginning time was 3 hours after birth and then every 8 hours for 2 days after UCST; DCC: NI.
HM: mothers in groups HM and ethanol washed the area of the umbilical cord with their milk and ethanol 70%, respectively, with the frequency of twice a day for two days after UCS; DCC: NI.
UCST
HM: 7 ± 2; DCC: 8 ± 2; ethanol: 9 ± 2 days; the results showed significant difference of UCST between HM and ethanol ( < 0.0001) and DCC groups ( < 0.003)
HM or 70% ethanol: mothers of each group applied pertinent substances topically every 8 hours to the area until two days after USC and allow them to dry without washing them out.
HM: fresh mother milk was directly applied to the distal end edge of the stump twice a day for 2 days after the cord fell off; DCC: NI; povidone-iodine group: they used povidone-iodine to completely cover the cut edge of the stump twice a day umbilicus for 2 days after UCS.
HM, silver sulfadiazine, and ethyl alcohol groups received topical application of respective substances by a sterile gauze or swab on umbilical stump area 3 hours after birth time and continued every 8 hours till two days after UCS; DCC: NI.
HM (fresh milk) and chlorhexidine groups received topical application of pertinent material to the cord region from three hours after birth and every 12 hours till 2 days after the UCS.
In both groups of HM and barrier cream, pertinent topical applications were applied to the diaper area during each diaper change for maximum 5 days. Diapers were changed every three hours (eight times a day).
HM: mothers were recommended to rub the hindmilk twice a day on the affected area; 1% hydrocortisone ointment: a thin layer of ointment was applied twice a day to all areas of the actively diseased skin.
HM: by hand milking, the mothers were to squeeze out and throw away the first few droplets of milk and then squeeze the next droplets directly from the nipple to the eczema spot. HM and emollient: both groups were treated with moisturizing cream and this regimen continued three times a day for four weeks.
Severity of atopic dermatitis/SCORAD
No effect was found on eczema spots treated with topical application of fresh HM
Colostrum: they disinfected the nipple first and then used a 10 cc sterile syringe with a sterile bistoury for sucking the colostrum and then applied 2 drops of it in each eye; topical antibiotic: they treated with topical erythromycin ointment (0.5%); C: NI.
Clinical conjunctivitis/eye discharge culture for 28 days
The frequency of conjunctivitis in colostrum was higher than the topical antibiotic group and lower than the control group ( = 0.03)
HM: requested to instill one drop of their HM into each eye of the baby prior to each breastfeeding (at least four times a day) for the first ten days; C: NI.
HM: mothers rubbed hind milk on the sore area after each breastfeeding; lanolin: mothers were asked to use lanolin locally on the sore and clean it before infant feeding; C: NI.
Healing length by observation and questionnaire on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th days
The healing time in the lanolin group was longer than the HM ( = 0.029) and the C group ( = 0.028)
HM: topical application of fresh mother milk; C: povidone-iodine (10%). In both groups, pertinent substances were applied to the wound area with a cotton tissue twice a day.
