| | Author, year | Participants (type, source, age, sample) | Duration (months) | Intervention | Outcomes | | Kinesitherapy group | Control group |
| | Iwamoto et al., 2001 [34] | PMOP, unspecified, 53–77 years, 28 (KT: 8, CON: 20) | 24 | Brisk walking (1000 steps in the first 7 days, increase the step count by 30%/week) + gymnastic training (no details provided)) + CON | Calcium lactate (2.0 g, Qd) and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1 µg, Qd) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Shen, 2003 [35] | POP, outpatient and inpatient, 45–80 years, 60 (KT: 30, CON: 30) | 3 | Aerobics, tai chi, dance, yangko, jogging, walking etc. (30–60 min/time, 5–7 times/week) + CON | Tonifying kidney granules (3 times/day, 1 dose/time) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Zhu, 2007 [36] | SOP, outpatient, 60–72 years, 96 (KT: 48, CON: 48) | 12 | Walking, jogging, tai chi (30–60 min/time, 3–5 times/week) + CON | Calcium (600 mg/d) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Liu et al., 2007 [37] | PMOP, outpatient, 48–61 years, 68 (KT: 36, CON: 32) | 6 | Draft movement, abdominal isometric exercises, flexion, and extension of the upper limbs (20 minutes each time, once every 3 days) + CON | Caltrate D (600 mg, Qd) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Li et al., 2008 [38] | PMOP, unspecified, 48–61 years, 70 (KT: 38, CON: 32) | 6 | Draft movement, abdominal isometric exercises, flexion, and extension of the upper limbs (20 min/time, once every four days) + CON | Ossotide injection (50 mg, Qd, 20 days in total) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Liu et al., 2009 [39] | SOP, outpatient service, 60–94 years, 60 (KT: 30, CON: 30) | 12 | Walking, jogging, tai chi (60 min/time, 1 time/day) + CON | Fosamax (10 mg, once a day) and calcium (600 mg/d) | Lumbar spine BMD | Liu and Wang, 2012 [40]
| SOP, unspecified, 60–81 years, 320 (KT: 162, CON: 158)
| 12
| Tai chi and jogging (no less than 30 min/time, no less than 4 times/week) + CON
| Calcium carbonate D3 (600 mg, Qd)
| Lumbar spine BMD
| | Li et al., 2013 [41] | SOP, hospital, 67 ± 4 years, 86 (KT:43, CON: 43) | 6 | Progressive lumbar dorsal muscle function exercise includes sitting training, swallow training and five-point support training (1-2 times/day) + CON | Lorelli calcium capsule (l capsules, 1 time/d for 2 consecutive months) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Ming, 2013 [42] | SOP, hospital, 60–78 years, 96 (KT: 48, CON: 48) | 12 | Walking, aerobics, running ,and tai chi (5 to 7 times a week for 45 to 60 minutes)+ CON | Calcium gluconate (20 ml/time, 3 times/day) and vitamin D (400 units, 2 times/day) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Chen, 2015 [43] | PMOP, clinic, 53– years, 57 (KT: 27, CON: 30) | 12 | Brisk walking (15–30 minutes), resistance strength exercises (15–20 minutes), and balance and flexibility exercises (simplify tai chi and five birds, 15–20 min) + CON | Alendronate (70 mg, Qd), caltrate D (600 mg, Qd), and alfacalcidol soft capsules (0.25 μg, Qd) | Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD |
| | Dischereit et al., 2016 [44] | PMOP, unspecified, 68 years, 42(KT: 25, CON: 17) | 24 | Endurance and strength training program (3 sessions once weekly, 65 min) + CON | Adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation and bisphosphonate therapy | Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD |
| | Li et al., 2016 [45] | PMOP, unspecified, 52–76 years, 188 (KT: 94, CON: 94) | 6 | Mainly includes walking, aerobics, running, and tai chi (30–60 min/time, more than 3 times/week) + CON | Caltrate D (1000 mg, Qd), derivatives, vitamin D, and raloxifene (1 pill, Qd) | Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD |
| | Chen, 2016 [46] | PMOP, unspecified, 53–77 years, 65(KT:33, CON:32) | 6 | Brisk walking and tai chi (30–50 min/time, 2-3 times/week) + CON | Alendronate (70 mg,Qd), caltrate D (600 mg, Qd), and alfacalcidol soft capsules(0.25 μg, Qd) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Xu, 2017 [47] | PMOP, unspecified, 51–67 years, 100 (KT:50, CON:50) | 6 | Aerobics, tai chi, and jogging (more than 30 min, more than 3 times/week) + CON | Calcine D (2 times/day, 2pills/time) + estrogen (1 time/day, 60 mg/time) | Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD |
| | Chang, 2017 [48] | POP, unspecified, 60–79 years, 84 (KT: 42, CON: 42) | 12 | Aerobics, walking, swimming, jogging, and cycling (3–4 times, not less than 2 times, each exercise 30–60 minutes) + CON | Calcine D 600 (1 tablet once, 2 times a day) and health education | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Qi, 2017 [49] | PMOP, community healthcare center, 45–65 years, 56 (KT:28, CON:28) | 12 | Aerobic exercise resistance group, load bearing, and stretching (30 min/time, 3–5 times/week, more than 1 h) + CON | Conventional treatment | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Wen, 2017 [50] | POP, unspecified, 60–78 years, 96 (KT: 48, CON: 48) | 12 | Jogging, tai chi, etc. (daily) + CON | Routine prevention and taking medicine | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Liu and Yang, 2018 [51] | POP, unspecified, 36–79 years, 80 (KT: 40, CON: 40) | 6 | Walking, fitness running, ballroom dancing, and swimming (at least 12 times a month, each time ≥30 min) + CON | Calcium and vitamin D3 | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Zheng et al., 2019 [52] | POP, unspecified, 53–77 years, 84 (KT: 42, CON: 42) | 12 | Walking, jogging, alternate running, cycling, etc. (3 to 4 times per week, the minimum 2 times, 30–60 min) + CON | Calcium (300 mg/tablet, 2 times/d,1 tablet/time) | Lumbar spine BMD |
| | Li et al., 2019 [53] | PMOP, unspecified, 50–65 years, 52 (KT: 26, CON: 26) | 3 | Brisk walking (30 min, once a day, 4d/week) and resistance training (week 1, 2 weekly complete 1 set (15 times/set), and then add 1 set every 2 weeks) + CON | Calcium carbonate D3 (600 mg, 1 time/d), alfacalcidol soft capsule (0.5 g, 1time/d), and sodium alendronate (70 mg, 1 time/d/weeks) for 3 months | Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD |
| | Yan et al., 2019 [54] | POP, unspecified, 53–77 years, 52 (KT: 26, CON: 26) | 6 | Flexible resistance exercise therapy to exercise the lumbar and dorsal muscles (5 times/week) + CON | Calcium carbonate D3 (600 mg), vitamin D3 (0.25 UG), health education, and routine nursing | Lumbar spine BMD |
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