Effect of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Auricular Concha for Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Table 1
Participant baseline characteristicsa.
Characteristics
ta-VNS (n = 36)
tn-VNS (n = 36)
Age, mean (S. D.), y
47.67 (12.0)
50.6 (12.0)
Gender
Male
5 (13.9)
7 (19.4)
Female
31 (86.1)
29 (80.6)
Race
Han
35 (97.2)
33 (91.7)
Minorities
1 (2.8)
3 (8.3)
Marriage
Married
30 (83.3)
33 (91.7)
Unmarried
5 (13.9)
3 (8.3)
Divorced
1 (2.8)
0 (0)
Occupation
Retired or unemployed
8 (22.2)
10 (27.8)
Teacher
6 (16.7)
7 (19.4)
Employee
6 (16.7)
4 (11.1)
Others
16 (44.4)
15 (41.7)
PSQI score, mean (S. D.)b
14.5 (3.2)
14.5 (2.7)
Sleep quality
0.8 (1.1)
1.4 (1.4)
Sleep latency
2.5 (0.7)
2.6 (0.7)
Sleep duration
2.0 (1.0)
2.1 (0.9)
Sleep efficiency
1.7 (1.2)
1.4 (1.1)
Sleep disturbances
2.4 (0.5)
2.4 (0.5)
Hypnotic use
2.4 (0.9)
2.1 (1.1)
Daytime dysfunction
2.7 (0.5)
2.5 (0.7)
ESS score, mean (S. D.)
5.9 (4.0)
6.6 (5.0)
FSS score, mean (S. D.)
14.4 (5.2)
14.4 (4.6)
HAMD score, mean (S. D.)
11.9 (5.5)
15.3 (5.6)
HAMA score, mean (S. D.)
11.1 (5.3)
14.3 (6.6)
SF-36 score, mean (S. D.)c
502.2 (121.9)
441.7 (133.0)
Physical function
86.3 (12.8)
83.3 (14.9)
Role physical
62.5 (41.2)
44.4 (44.8)
Bodily pain
55.6 (42.9)
36.3 (40.9)
General health
59.7 (19.0)
88.5 (19.6)
Vitality
57.4 (18.6)
52.3 (18.4)
Social functioning
61.0 (24.3)
59.4 (22.4)
Role emotional
73.6 (19.5)
74.9 (21.9)
Mental health
46.1 (17.3)
37.4 (20.2)
aValues reported as no. (%) unless otherwise indicated. bTotal scores of PSQI, and below 7 components of PSQI are analyzed separately. cTotal scores of SF-36, and below 8 components of SF-36 are analyzed separately.
