Effects of Manual Therapy and Mechanical Massage on Spinal Alignment, Extension Range of Motion, Back Extensor Electromyographic Activity, and Thoracic Extension Strength in Individuals with Thoracic Hyperkyphosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Mixed model analysis of variance results for the outcome measures.
Group
Time
Group × time
F
Effect size
95% CI
F
Effect size
95% CI
F
Spinal posture
Thoracic kyphosis(º)
2.181
0.149
0.062
−1.152 to 7.251
27.657
≤0.001
0.456
2.949 to 6.671
0.296
0.590
Lumbar lordosis(º)
0.019
0.890
0.001
−6.244 to 5.443
0.714
0.404
0.021
−1.182 to 2.860
1.608
0.214
Extension range of motion
Thoracic extension(º)
3.207
0.082
0.089
−0.708 to 11.113
41.361
≤0.001
0.556
5.254 to 10.116
3.834
0.059
Lumbar extension(º)
3.584
0.067
0.098
−0.472 to 13.115
1.447
0.238
0.042
−1.354 to 5.274
2.569
0.118
Muscle activity
Longissimus thoracis (%MVIC)
0.666
0.420
0.020
−0.084 to 0.036
10.912
0.002
0.248
0.021 to 0.086
0.105
0.747
Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis (%MVIC)
0.730
0.399
0.022
−0.083 to 0.034
0.547
0.465
0.016
−0.021 to 0.045
0.662
0.422
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum (%MVIC)
0.356
0.555
0.011
−0.056 to 0.102
4.700
0.037
0.125
0.002 to 0.072
0.227
0.637
Strength (kgf)
1.025
0.319
0.030
−6.355 to 18.943
105.362
≤0.001
0.761
−22.556 to −15.093
0.728
0.400
CI, confidence interval; MVIC, maximum voluntary isometric contraction. .
