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Plant extracts/phytochemicals (plant source)/natural products/substances | Study model | Neuroprotective activities | References |
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Anthocyanin extracted from strawberries | G93A mutant human SOD1 (hSOD1G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | (i) Delayed the onset of disease and extend survival of hSOD1G93A mouse | [266] |
(ii) Preserved hind limb grip strength in the hSOD1G93A mouse |
(iii) Reduced astrogliosis (GFAP) in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mouse |
(iv) Preserved neuromuscular junctions in gastrocnemius muscle tissue |
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Alpinia oxyphylla fruit extract | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis | (i) Reduced the symptoms in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse | [267] |
(ii) Reduced demyelination in the spinal cord |
(iii) Reduced inflammation (IFN-γ and IL-17) in the spinal cord |
(iv) Reduced gliosis in the spinal cord |
(v) Alleviated T helper (Th)1/Th17 response |
(vi) Reduced immune cell infiltration into spinal cord and brain |
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Isogarcinol extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced mouse | (i) Alleviated inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord | [268] |
(ii) Ameliorated the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced mouse |
(iii) Reduced intracranial lesions |
(iv) Reduced number of Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation by inhibiting Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway |
(v) Reduced activation of CD4+ and CD11b+ cell populations |
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Ishige okamurae | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced rats | (i) Reduced inflammatory markers (TNF-α and COX-2) | [269] |
(ii) Ameliorated the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced rats |
(iii) Suppressed T-cell proliferation |
(iv) Ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced paralysis |
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Nigella sativa | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced rats | (i) Decreased transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) expression | [270] |
(ii) Enhanced remyelination in the cerebellum |
(iii) Suppressed inflammation |
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Radix rehmanniae extract | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced mouse | (i) Reduced inflammation and demyelination in spinal cords | [271] |
(ii) Reduced CD3+ and CD11b+ cell populations in the spinal cord and brain |
(iii) Ameliorated the clinical signs |
(iv) Inhibited NF-κB signaling |
(v) Reduced expression of iNOS and NADPH oxidase |
(vi) Reduced peroxynitrite level in spinal cords |
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White grape (Vitis vinifera) | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced mouse | (i) Reduced TNF-α, iNOS, and PARP expression | [272] |
(ii) Reduced nitrotyrosine level |
(iii) Inhibited apoptosis (caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression) |
(iv) Decreased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive |
(v) Modulated transcription factor Fork head box P3 |
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Walnut extract | Lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in rat microglial cell line | (i) Downregulated iNOS and Iba-1 expressions | [273] |
(ii) Upregulated calmodulin expression |
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