Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review

Table 3

Summary of meta-analysis and subgroup analysis results.

	Q (df)	I^2 (%)	n (ES)	ES (95% CI)
Overall	572.48 (88),	84.6	89	SMD = 0.31 (0.28, 0.35)	<0.001
Session time (minutes)	1.82 (2),
Short (≤45 min)		86.2	38	SMD = 0.30 (0.25, 0.34)	<0.001
Moderate (45–60 min)		84.3	48	SMD = 0.35 (0.28, 0.42)	<0.001
Long (>60 min)		52.6	3	SMD = 0.30 (0.02, 0.58)	0.03
Frequency (week/times)	1.08 (2),
Low (1-2 times)		92.7	12	SMD = 0.32 (0.28, 0.36)	<0.001
Moderate (3-4 times)		82.2	75	SMD = 0.26 (0.13, 0.39)	<0.001
High (≥5 times)		88.4	5	SMD = 0.34 (0.16, 0.62)	0.001
Length	6.00 (2),
Short (≤12 week)		73.5	12	SMD = 0.40 (0.30, 0.50)	<0.001
Moderate (12–24 week)		85.4	21	SMD = 0.41 (0.26, 0.55)	<0.001
Long (>24 week)		85.8	56	SMD = 0.29 (0.24, 0.33)	<0.001
Cognitive function domains	15.66 (5),
Global cognitive function		67.2	23	SMD = 0.41 (0.33, 0.48)	<0.001
Memory function		68.9	22	SMD = 0.31 (0.22, 0.39)	<0.001
Executive function		77.4	18	SMD = 0.33 (0.25, 0.42)	<0.001
Verbal fluency		0	5	SMD = 0.27 (0.13, 0.41)	<0.001
Attention		96	14	SMD = 0.25 (0.17, 0.34)	<0.001
Visual space function		54.7	7	SMD = 0.03 (−0.28, 0.33)	0.7
Cognitive status	0.04 (1),
MCI		85.7	80	SMD = 0.33 (0.17, 0.50)	<0.001
DE		56.0	9	SMD = 0.31 (0.27, 0.35)	<0.001