Research Article
Coloring Activities for Anxiety Reduction and Mood Improvement in Taiwanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N = 120).
| | Variable | N (%) unless otherwise stated | | | Total (N = 120) | Control (N = 30) | Mandala coloring (N = 30) | Plaid pattern coloring (N = 30) | Free-form drawing (N = 30) |
| | Age (year), mean (SD) | 65.1 (5.7) | 64.7 (5.3) | 65.4 (6.4) | 66.1 (5.2) | 64.4 (5.8) | 0.672 |
| | Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.4 (2.9) | 23.2 (3.3) | 23.3 (2.5) | 23.3 (3.1) | 23.7 (2.8) | 0.909 |
| | Sex | | | | | | 0.049 | | Male | 32 (26.7) | 9 (30.0) | 4 (13.3) | 13 (43.3) | 6 (20.0) | | | Female | 88 (73.3) | 21 (70.0) | 26 (86.7) | 17 (56.7) | 24 (80.0) | |
| | Educational level | | | | | | 0.040 | | Elementary school or below | 24 (20.0) | 3 (10.0) | 4 (13.3) | 7 (23.3) | 10 (33.4) | | | Middle school | 10 (8.3) | 3 (10.0) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | | | High school | 52 (43.3) | 9 (30.0) | 14 (46.7) | 16 (53.4) | 13 (43.3) | | | College or above | 34 (28.4) | 15 (50.0) | 8 (26.7) | 4 (13.3) | 7 (23.3) | |
| | Marital status | | | | | | 0.138 | | Single | 8 (6.7) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.6) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | | | Married | 81 (67.5) | 23 (76.7) | 20 (66.7) | 17 (56.7) | 21 (70.0) | | | Divorced/widowed | 31 (25.8) | 4 (13.3) | 8 (26.7) | 13 (43.3) | 6 (20.0) | |
| | Religious affiliation | | | | | | 0.525 | | No | 29 (24.2) | 7 (23.3) | 6 (20.0) | 8 (26.7) | 8 (26.7) | | | Buddhism | 66 (55.0) | 19 (63.4) | 18 (60.0) | 12 (40.0) | 17 (56.7) | | | Taoism | 23 (19.2) | 4 (13.3) | 6 (20.0) | 9 (30.0) | 4 (13.3) | | | Christian/catholicism/other | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | |
| | Exercise | | | | | | 0.612 | | No | 5 (4.2) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.3) | | | Irregular | 57 (47.5) | 11 (36.7) | 13 (43.3) | 15 (50.0) | 18 (60.0) | | | Regular | 58 (48.3) | 18 (60.0) | 16 (53.4) | 13 (43.3) | 11 (36.7) | |
| | Smoking habit | | | | | | 0.388 | | No | 119 (99.2) | 30 (100.0) | 29 (96.7) | 30 (100.0) | 30 (100.0) | | | Yes | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| | Alcohol use | | | | | | 0.662 | | No | 114 (95.0) | 28 (93.3) | 28 (93.4) | 30 (100.0) | 28 (93.4) | | | Irregular | 4 (3.3) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | | | Regular | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | |
| | Self-perceived health status | | | | | | 0.397 | | Fair | 61 (50.8) | 17 (56.7) | 12 (40.0) | 13 (43.4) | 19 (63.3) | | | Good or very good | 52 (43.3) | 11 (36.7) | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | 11 (36.7) | | | Poor or very poor | 7 (5.8) | 2 (6.6) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
|
|
SD: standard deviation.
|
