Coloring Activities for Anxiety Reduction and Mood Improvement in Taiwanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study
Table 4
Least square-adjusted means of item scores of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety Scale (STAI-S) for the control, mandala coloring, plaid pattern drawing, and free-form drawing groups at postintervention.
STAI-S item
Least square-adjusted mean (95% confidence interval)1
Partial eta-squared
Control
Mandala coloring
Plaid pattern coloring
Free-form color drawing
Calmed down
2.08 (1.78–2.39)a
1.40 (1.05–1.74)b
1.83 (1.50–2.16)a
1.57 (1.22–1.92)a
0.011
0.096
Safe
2.07 (1.75–2.39)a
1.35 (1.00–1.70)b
2.01 (1.67–2.35)a
1.54 (1.18–1.90)a
0.002
0.124
Tense
1.54 (1.27–1.80)
1.40 (1.12–1.70)
1.19 (0.91–1.47)
1.20 (0.90–1.50)
0.190
0.042
Annoyed
1.59 (1.33–1.86)
1.40 (1.11–1.69)
1.24 (0.96–1.52)
1.48 (1.17–1.78)
0.285
0.034
Comfortable
2.14 (1.80–2.47)
1.79 (1.42–2.15)
1.88 (1.53–2.24)
1.74 (1.36–2.11)
0.327
0.031
Upset
1.29 (1.12–1.46)
1.08 (0.89–1.27)
1.24 (1.06–1.42)
1.19 (1.00–1.39)
0.317
0.031
Concerned with future misfortunes
1.58 (1.32–1.83)
1.19 (0.91–1.47)
1.24 (0.97–1.51)
1.29 (1.00–1.58)
0.139
0.048
Relaxed
1.96 (1.65–2.27)
1.46 (1.12–1.80)
1.88 (1.55–2.21)
1.65 (1.30–2.01)
0.082
0.059
Anguished
1.16 (0.91–1.40)
1.16 (0.88–1.43)
1.22 (0.96–1.48)
1.08 (0.80–1.37)
0.897
0.005
At ease
1.98 (1.68–2.27)a
1.41 (1.08–1.73)b
1.86 (1.54–2.18)a
1.62 (1.28–1.96)a
0.030
0.078
Self-confidence
2.32 (2.03–2.62)
1.82 (1.50–2.14)
2.00 (1.69–2.31)
1.84 (1.50–2.17)
0.057
0.066
Nervous
1.51 (1.24–1.78)
1.30 (1.00–1.60)
1.40 (1.11–1.68)
1.48 (1.18–1.79)
0.675
0.014
Restless
1.82 (1.51–2.13)
1.93 (1.59–2.27)
1.72 (1.40–2.05)
1.96 (1.61–2.32)
0.671
0.014
Downhearted
1.85 (1.58–2.12)
1.63 (1.34–1.93)
1.76 (1.47–2.04)
1.67 (1.37–1.98)
0.652
0.015
Rested
2.18 (1.88–2.47)a
1.36 (1.04–1.68)b
1.87 (1.56–2.19)a
1.76 (1.43–2.10)a
0.001
0.130
Satisfied
2.24 (1.96–2.53)a
1.28 (0.97–1.60)b
1.80 (1.50–2.11)ab
1.63 (1.30–1.96)b
<0.001
0.176
Concerned
1.38 (1.14–1.62)
1.21 (0.94–1.48)
1.17 (0.91–1.43)
1.13 (0.85–1.40)
0.482
0.022
Stunned
1.44 (1.24–1.64)
1.18 (0.96–1.41)
1.38 (1.17–1.60)
1.33 (1.10–1.56)
0.292
0.033
Happy
1.99 (1.71–2.26)
1.59 (1.29–1.90)
1.94 (1.64–2.24)
1.63 (1.32–1.95)
0.086
0.058
I feel good
1.91 (1.64–2.17)a
1.41 (1.12–1.71)b
1.91 (1.62–2.19)a
1.58 (1.28–1.89)ab
0.016
0.089
STAI-S: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Anxiety Scale. 1Value shown is the least square-adjusted mean of the corresponding item score of STAI-S score at T3, adjusting for T2 (postanxiety induction) STAI-S score, sex, and educational level. Least square-adjusted means bearing different superscript letters differ significantly (Šidák post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons, ).
