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| Name (botanical, common Pinyin names), traditional daily dose (grams) | Active compounds | Clinical and pharmacological effects | Adverse effects/toxicity |
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| Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik, Huang Shukuihua, 10–30 g | The known chemical component of Abelmoschus manihot is mainly hyperoside [13] | Abelmoschus manihot treats some kidney diseases. It protects renal tubular cells via inhibition of ROS-ERK1/2-NLRP3 pathway [13–15] | No reported adverse events |
| Rheum palmatum L., rhubarb root and rhizome, Da Huang, 3–15 g | The rhubarb root contains aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol et al. [16] | It has been used for a variety of conditions, such as constipation, chronic renal failure, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It has antimicrobial and antioxidative effects [17, 18] | The toxicity includes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. No adverse reactions were observed in mice with a dose of 400 mg/kg [19] |
| Carthamus tinctorius L., safflower, Hong Hua, 3–10 g | The flowers of safflower contain kaempferol and hydroxysafflor yellow [20] | It reduces immune inflammatory response [14]. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) oil is used as a dietary supplement for weight loss and antioxidant [21] | 3 patients had a diagnosis of acute liver failure, while consumed safflower as a dietary supplement for weight loss [21] |
| Terminalia chebula Retz., Ke Zi, 3–10 g | Contains chebulin and hyperoside [16, 22] | It is used in asthma, ulcers, gout, heart, and bladder diseases [23] | No reported adverse events |
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