Multiple Mechanisms of Flaxseed: Effectiveness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 3

Comparison of histopathological scoring for Flaxseed oil and extract.

		Oil % reduction from control	Extract % reduction from control	Oil vs. extract
Vilaseca score	Ulceration
	Untreated
	150 mg/kg	3.13%	24%
	300 mg/kg	25%	56%
	500 mg/kg	77.5%	33.14%
	Inflammation
	150 mg/kg	2.27%	8.5%
	300 mg/kg	13.64%	50%
	500 mg/kg	35.46%	30%	NS
	Depth of lesion^1
	150 mg/kg	7.69%	23.07%
	300 mg/kg	23.08%	55%
	500 mg/kg	42.31%	38.47%	NS
Neurath score	150 mg/kg	8.82%	33.04%
	300 mg/kg	26.47%	55.18%
	500 mg/kg	55.89%	51.15%	NS
Mucin score (%)	150 mg/kg	2.85%	25%
	300 mg/kg	35.71%	75%
	500 mg/kg	42.28%	91.66%

Neurath score [19]: score 0 = no leukocyte infiltration; score 1 = low level of leukocyte infiltration; score 2 = moderate level of leukocyte infiltration; score 3 = moderate level of leukocyte infiltration, high vascular density, and thickening of colon wall; score 4 = transmural leukocyte infiltration, loss of goblet cells, high vascular density, and thickening of the colon wall. Vilaseca Score [20]: total score = 9 ulceration: 1 [no ulcer, epithelialization; small ulcers < 3 mm; large ulcers ≥ 3 mm = score 0, 1, 2, respectively]; inflammation: 3 [none, mild, moderate, severe; 0, 1, 2, 3]; depth of lesion: 3 [none, mucosa, muscularis propria, serosa; 0, 1, 2, 3]; mucin score [21]: score 4 [<1% of stained cells; 1–30% of stained cells (low level of staining); 30–80% of stained cells (medium level of staining); up to 80% of stained cells = score 0, 1, 2, 3]. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s posttest was used for analysis. Values expressed are means ± SEM (n = 6). ,  = ;  =  vs AA. #Diseased control group. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s posttest was used for comparing the effect of corresponding doses of Flaxseed oil and extract. All the drugs were administered i.p. Colitis was induced by IR administration of 0.1 ml 6% acetic acid during anaesthesia. Tissues were embedded in formalin for another 24 hrs, then processed, and stained with H and E and PAS-AB staining. i.p.: intraperitoneally; IR: intrarectal; H and E: hematoxylin and eosin; PAS-AB: periodic acid-Schiff-Alcian blue.