The Protective Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Ligusticum chuanxiong: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antiapoptotic Activities

Table 1

Protective effects of LC.

Drug	Dose	Pathway	Model	Ref
Anti-inflammatory
Ligustrazine	50, 100, 200 mg/kg	NLRP3/NF-κB↓	CCl4-treated rats	[29]
Ligustilide	—	Protein kinase/NF-κB↓	ApoE^-/- mice	[15]
Ligustrazine	—	NF-κB↓	Aβ25-35-treated microglial cells	[30]
Water extraction	—	TLR4/NF-κB↓	MACO rat	[31]
Ligustrazine	200 mg/kg	NF-κB↓, IL-10↓	Spinal cord injury rats	[32]
Antioxidant
Polysaccharides	2.95 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL	—	DPPH	[11]
Polysaccharides	0.05–1.5 mg/mL	—	DPPH and H2O2	[33]
Ethanol extraction	600, 1200 mg/kg	Nrf2↑	Isoproterenol-treated rats	[34]
Water extraction	600, 1200 mg/kg	Nrf2↑	Isoproterenol-treated rats	[34]
Ferulic acid	—	Keap/Nrf2/HO-1↑	2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate-treated H9C2 cells	[35]
Polysaccharides	10–50 mg/kg	PCG-1α/Nrf2↑	Rat model	[28]
Antiapoptosis
Butanol part of ethanol extraction	1–100 μM	PKA/CREB↑	MTT-treated PC12 cells	[36]
Butanol part of ethanol extraction	1–100 μM	Erk↑	MTT-treated PC12 cells	[37]
Water extraction	—	TLR4↓	MACO rats	[38]
Water extraction	—	Caspase-3↓	MACO rats	[38]
Total phenolic acid	0.2 mg/mL	Bax/Bcl-2↓	MTT-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells	[39]
Ethanol extraction	—	GAP-43↑	Microsphere-induced cerebral embolism rats	[40]
Water extraction	—	CHP proteins↓	MACO rats	[41]