An Update on the Emerging Role of Visfatin in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis and Pharmacological Intervention

Figure 1

Signaling pathways of visfatin. First, visfatin signal is mediated by IL-6 and involves STAT-3, HIF-2α, NAMPT, SIRT1, and SIRT6 pathways. Second, visfatin signal is mediated by β1 integrin and involves ERK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and AP-1 pathways. Third, visfatin signal is mediated by the IR and involves the PI3K, Akt, MAPK, and ERK1 pathways. Fourth, visfatin signal is demonstrated through the activation of an unknown receptor increasing the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).