|
| Name | Class of alkaloid | Source | Activity against P. falciparum | Reference |
|
| Two new compounds: caesalminines A (1) and caesalminines B (2) | Cassane-type diterpene alkaloids | Seeds of Caesalpinia minax | In vitro activity with IC50: 0.42 μM (1) and 0.79 μM (2) | [21] |
|
| Three new compounds: 8α-polyveolinone (3), N-acetyl-8α-polyveolinone (4), and N-acetyl-polyveoline (5) | Indolosesquiterpene alkaloids | Stem bark of Polyalthia oliveri | Compounds 4 and 5 exhibit moderate activity against NF54 strain, with low cytotoxicity on L6 cell line | [22] |
|
| Three known alkaloids together with strychnochrysine (6) | Bisindolomonoterpenic alkaloid | Strychnos nux-vomica L | Compound 7 is the most active with IC50 10 μM against D7 strain | [23] |
|
| Two known alkaloids: polyalthenol (7) and N-acetyl-polyveoline (5), together with other compounds | Indolosesquiterpene | Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. (syn. Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. & Diels) | Highest activity was found for compound 5 against K1 strain with IC50 value of 2.8 μM, SI = 10.9 | [24] |
|
| Conesine (8) | Steroidal alkaloid | Holarrhena antidysenterica | Shows in vivo acivity against P. berghei
Also shows in vitro activity against P. falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 1.9 μg/ml and 1.3 μg/ml in the schizont maturation and pLDH assays, respectively; cytotoxicity IC50 of 14 μg/ml | [25] |
|
| New compound: mokluangin D (9) with nine known steroidal alkaloids including irehline (10) and mokluangin A (11) | Pregnene-type alkaloid | Holarrhena pubescens roots | Compounds 10 and 11 show strong activity against K1 strain with IC50 values of 1.2 and 2.0 μM and weak cytotoxicity against the NCI-H187 cell line | [26] |
|
| The known alkaloid, N-3-benzoyldihydrocyclomicrophylline F (12), together with other compounds | Buxus alkaloid (a steroidal alkaloid) (compound 12) | Buxus cochinchinensis Pierre ex Gagnep. | Compound 12 is active with IC50 value of 2.07 ± 0.13 μM; it shows cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 1.9 μM (against HT-29 human carcinoma) and > 20 (against NF-KB) | [27] |
|
| Three new compounds: alstoniaphyllines A (13), alstoniaphyllines B (14), and alstoniaphylline C (15), and eight known alkaloids including alstonisine (16) | Nitrogenous derivatives (13 and 14) and indole alkaloid (15) | Alstonia macrophylla bark | Compound 16 exhibits activity with IC50 value of 7.6 μM | [28] |
|
| A new compound, 12-hydroxy-N-acetyl-21(N)-dehydroplumeran-18-oic acid (17), and 11 known indole alkaloids including 20-epi-dasycarpidone (18) | Indole alkaloid | Aspidosperma ulei Markgr | Only compound 18 is active (IC50 value of 16.7 mM) against K1 strain and shows no toxicity to fibroblasts (IC50 > 50 mg/mL). | [29] |
|
| A new compound: strychnobaillonine (19) | Bisindole | Roots of Strychnos icaja | Shows in vitro activity with IC50 value of 1.1 μM | [30] |
|
| Two new alkaloids together with five known alkaloids, including 16-demethoxycarbonylvoacamine (20) | Sarpagine-type indole alkaloids | Bark of Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack | Compound 20 shows activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and cytotoxic activity against human cell line, HepG2 cells | [31] |
|
| New alkaloid, 4a,b-seco-dehydroantofine (21), and three known alkaloids, dehydrotylophorine (22), dehydroantofine (23), and tylophoridicine D (24) | Phenanthroindolizine alkaloids | Twigs of Ficus septica | Compound 21 displays moderate activity against the 3D7 strain with IC50 value of 4.0 μM, whereas the known alkaloids 22–24 display strong activity (IC50 0.028, 0.42, and 0.058 μM, respectively). The cytotoxicities of the compounds (21–24) against L929 cells are in the range of 8.2–56 μM, while selectivity index is in the range of 14.0–1964.0 | [32] |
|
| Seven known alkaloids: cycleanine (25), 10-demethylxylopinine(26), reticuline (27), laurotetanine (28), bicuculine (29), α-hydrastine (30), and anolobine (31) | Isoquinoline alkaloids | Bark of Actinodaphne macrophylla | They show in vitro activity with IC50 values of 0.08 μM, 0.05 μM, 1.18 μM, 3.11 μM, 0.65 μM, 0.26 μM, and 1.38 μM, respectively, against 3D7 strain | [33] |
|
| Four known alkaloids: (+)-N-methylisococlaurine (32), atherosperminine (33), 2-hydroxyathersperminine (34), and noratherosperminine (35) | Isoquinoline alkaloids | stem bark of Cryptocarya nigra | They display activity with IC50 values of 5.40, 5.80, and 0.75 μM, respectively, for compounds 32, 33, and 34 | [34] |
|
| Four alkaloids including palmatine (36) | Isoquinoline alkaloids | Leaves of Annickia kummeriae | Compound 36 exhibits the highest activity against P. falciparum K1 (IC50 0.080 ± 0.001 μg/mL, SI = 1154) | [35] |
|
| Known compounds: dihydronitidine (37), pellitorine (38), and heitziquinone (39) | Isoquinoline (dihydronitidine), decadienamide (pellitorine), and benzophenthrathridine (heitziquinone) | Zanthoxylum heitzii bark | Dihydronitidine (37) is the most active compound with an IC50 value of 25 nM, while compounds 38 and 39 have IC50 values of 9.7 ± 1.6 μM and 8.8 ± 0.5 μM, respectively | [36] |
|
| Three new alkaloids, (-)-pseudocurine (40), (-)-pseudoisocurine (41), and (-)-10-oxoaknadinine (42) | Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (40 and 41) and one hasubanane alkaloid (42) | Leaf of Stephania abyssinica | They show strong-to-mild activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.29 ± 0.00 to 1.65 ± 0.03 μg/mL against both chloroquine-susceptible D6 and chloroquine-resistant strains | [37] |
|
| Six known alkaloids including (+)-laurotetanine (43) and (+)-norstephasubine (44) | Bisbenzylisoquinoline | Alseodaphne corneri | Both compounds 43 and 44 show strong activity with IC50 values of 0.189 and 0.116 μM, respectively, against K1 strain and no cytotoxicity against hTERT-HPNE cell line | [38] |
|
| One new dioncophyllaceous alkaloid, dioncophylline F (45), and other known alkaloids | Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid (compound 45) | Ancistrocladus ileboensis | Compound 45 together with others shows high and specific activities against P. falciparum | [39] |
|
| New compounds: mbandakamines A (46) and B (47) | Dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids with an unsymmetrically coupled central biaryl axis | Unidentified Congolese Ancistrocladus species | Compound 46 exhibits good antimalarial activity | [40] |
|
| New compound: jozimine A2 (48) | Dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid | Ancistrocladus species | Compound 48 exhibits excellent and specific antiplasmodial activity | [41] |
|
| New alkaloid, vireakine (49), along with other known alkaloids including stephanine (50) and pseudopalmatine (51) | Aporphine alkaloid (49) | Tuber of Stephania rotunda | Activity ranged from 1.2 μM to 52.3 μM for all tested compounds; compound 51 (IC50 = 2.8 μM) shows good selectivity index against W2 chloroquine-resistant strain | [42] |
|
| A new alkaloid, obtusipetadione (52), and eleven known compounds | p-Quinonoid aporphine alkaloid (52) | Twigs of Dasymaschalon obtusipetalum | Compound 52 is active with IC50 values of 2.46 ± 0.12 and 1.38 ± 0.99 μg/mL, respectively, for TM4 and K1 strains with no cytotoxicity | [43] |
|
| Several known alkaloids including (-)-O-O-dimethylgrisabine (53) and (-)-milonine (54) | Morphinandienones; aporphines and benzlyisoquinoline | Bark of of Dehaasia longipedicellata | They display potent-to-moderate activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.031 to 30.40 μM. Compounds 53 and 54 are the two most potent compounds, with IC50 values of 0.031 and 0.097 μM, respectively, against K1 strain. All the compounds show no potency against lung (A549) cancer cells | [44] |
|
| A new alkaloid, anonaine (55), and other alkaloids | Aporphine alkaloids | Xylopia sericea leaves | Compound 55 is active against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain P. falciparum (IC50 23.2 ± 2.7 μg/mL) and has moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (SI = 1.6) | [45] |
|
| A new alkaloid, tavoyanine A (56), and other known alkaloids, roemerine (57), laurolitsine (58), boldine (59), and sebiferine (60) | Aporphine alkaloids (56–59) and morphinandienone (60) | Leaf of Phoebe tavoyana | Compounds 56–60 are active against P. falciparum with IC50 values of 0.89, 1.49, 1.65, and 2.76 μg/mL, respectively | [46] |
|
| A new alkaloid, simplicifolianine (61), together with five known alkaloids | Protoberberine-type alkaloid | Aerial components of Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers | Compound 22 is the most potent against TM4/8.2 and K1CB1 with IC50 values of 0.78 μg/mL and 1.29 μg/mL, respectively | [47] |
|
| A known alkaloid, coptisine (62) | Protoberberine | Coptidis rhizoma | Compound 62 is found to be an inhibitor of PfDHODH with an IC50 value of 1.83 ± 0.08 μm | [48] |
|
| Five new alkaloids, miliusacunines A-E (63–67), along with nine known compounds | Oxoprotoberberine alkaloids | Leaf and twigs of Miliusa cuneata | Compound 63 shows activity against the TM4 strain (IC50 19.3 ± 3.4 μM) and compound 64 shows activity against the K1 strain (IC50 10.8 ± 4.1 μM). Both show no cytotoxicity to Vero cells | [49] |
|
| One tetrahydroprotoberberine and four aporphine alkaloids including stephanine (50) | Tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid (compound 50) | Tubers of Stephania venosa (Blum) Spreng | Stephanine (50) is the most interesting but is the most cytotoxic with the lowest selectivity index | [50] |
|
| Five new alkaloids, (+)-5,6-dehydrolycorine (68), (+)-3α,6β-diacetyl-bulbispermine (69), (+)-3α-hydroxy-6β-acetyl-bulbispermine (70), (+)-8,9-methylenedioxylhomolycorine-N-oxide (71), and 5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-2-hydroxyphenanthridine (72), together with other known compounds | Amaryllidaceae alkaloids | Bulbs of Lycoris radiata | Compound 68 is active with IC50 values of 2.3 μM for D6 strain and 1.9 μM for W2 strain; compound 68 also shows cytotoxicity against various carcinoma cells with IC50 values of 9.4–11.6 μM | [51] |
|
| Three known alkaloids, cripowellin A (73), cripowellin B (74), and hippadine (75), as well as the new compounds cripowellin C (76) and D (77) | Cripowellin alkaloids | Crinum erubescens | Compounds 73, 74, 76, and 77 are active with IC50 values of 30 ± 2, 180 ± 20, 26 ± 2, and 260 ± 20 nM, respectively, while 75 is inactive | [52] |
|
| New alkaloid, 1,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy powellan (78), along with the known alkaloids, distichamine (79), 11-O-acetylambelline (80), ambelline (81), acetylcaranine (82), and hippadine (75) | Crinane (78–81) and lycorane (82 and 75) alkaloids | Amaryllis belladonna Steud. Bulbs | Acetylcaranine (82) exhibits strong activity (IC50 value of 3.3 ± 0.3 μM), while compound 78 is inactive. Compound 82 shows weak inhibition against A2780 ovarian cells with an IC50 value of 56 ± 1 μM | [53] |
|
| Lycorine (83), along with 14 other alkaloids | Amaryllidaceae alkaloids | Worsleya procera roots | Compound 83 was active against both sensitive (3D7) and resistant (K1) P. falciparum strains with IC50 values of 2.5 and 3.1 μM, respectively, and a low cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells | [54] |
|
| Three new alkaloids, hymenocardinol (84), hymenocardine N-oxide (85), and hymenocardine-H (86), and one known alkaloid | Cyclopeptide alkaloids | Root bark of Hymenocardia acida | All compounds show moderate activity with IC50 values ranging from 12.2 to 27.9 μM, the most active being compound 85 (IC50 12.2 ± 6.6 μM). They are not cytotoxic against MRC-5 cells (IC50 > 64.0 μM) | [56] |
|
| Nine alkaloids including O-desmethylnummularine-R (87) | Cyclopeptide alkaloids | Roots of Ziziphus oxyphylla | Most promising activity is found for compound 87 with IC50 value of 3.2 ± 2.6 μM against K1 strain and cytotoxcity (IC50 value of >64.0 μM) against MRC-5 cells | [57] |
|
| A new alkaloid, microthecaline A (88) | Quinoline-serrulatane | Eremophila microtheca | Compound 88 exhibits moderate activity against P. falciparum (3D7 strain), with an IC50 value of 7.7 μM | [58] |
|
| Seven known alkaloids including 6-methoxy-7-hydroxydictamnine (heliparvifoline) (89) and two known compounds | Furoquinoline alkaloids | Melicope madagascariensis | Heliparvifoline (89) shows weak antimalarial activity (IC50 = 35 μM) against Dd2 strain | [59] |
| Two new alkaloids, goniothalines A (90) and B (91), as well as eight known compounds including sauristolactam (92) as well as anonaine (55) | Pyridocoumarin alkaloids | Aerial parts of Goniothalamus australis | Sauristolactam (92) and (-)-anonaine (55) exhibit the most potent activity with IC50 values of 9 and 7 μM, respectively | [60] |
|
| Known alkaloids including normelicopine (93) | Acridone alkaloids | Zanthoxylum simullans Hance | Normelicopidine (93) is the most active against Dd2 with IC50 value of 18.9 μg/mL | [61] |
|
| Carpaine (94) | Macrocyclic alkaloids | Carica papaya L. leaf | The compound is active against both 3D7 and Dd2 strains with IC50 values of 4.21 μM and 4.57 μM, respectively, and high selectivity for the parasite | [62] |
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