Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L.

Table 1

Ethnomedicinal uses of Tragia involucrata.

System of the body/main action	Plant part used	Ailment	Reference
(1) Endocrinology system	Whole plant	(i) Madumeha (diabetes mellitus)	[12–18]
	Root	(ii) A major constituent of anti-diabetic formulations	[19]
(2) Digestive system	Whole plant	(i) Appetizer	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(ii) Gastropathy and antiemetic	[17, 21]
		(iii) Used as a mouth wash to cleanse oral cavity	[22]
	Root	(i) Diarrhoea, vomiting, and dysentery	[4]
		(ii) Constipation	[23]
		(iii) Haemorrhoids and gastropathy	[24]
		(iv) Anthelmintic–to get rid of Guinea worms	[11]
	Leaves and roots	(i) Bloody dysentery and stomachache	[4]
		(ii) Constipation, haemorrhoids, and vomiting	[25]
(3) Respiratory system	Whole plant	(i) Asthma	[19, 26]
		(ii) Cough and asthma	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(iii) Bronchitis, pneumonia, and laryngitis	[5]
	Root	(i) Bronchitis	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20, 27, 28]
		(ii) Dry cough	[5]
		(iii) Infants acute breathing complications	[29]
(4) Integumentary system	Whole plant	(i) Chronic inflammatory skin diseases (psoriasis, eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis)	[30, 31]
		(ii) Pruritic eruptions	[11]
		(iii) Elephant’s skin diseases	[22]
	Root	(i) Pruritic skin eruptions	[24]
		(ii) Skin diseases including leprosy	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20, 32]
		(iii) Wounds	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20, 32]
		(iv) Abscess	[34]
	Leaves	(i) Skin infection, swellings, children scabies, and eczema in children	[19, 35]
	Fruit	(i) Bloody eruptions	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(ii) Indraluptha (hair loss causing patches of balding/alopecia areata)	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [4, 20]
	Stem	(i) Dermatitis	[36]
	Leaves and root	(i) Skin diseases	[32]
	Stem and leaves	(i) Skin diseases	[4]
(5) Urinary system	Whole plant	(i) Diuretic	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
	Root	(i) Diuretic	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(ii) For all urinary problems	[37]
		(iii) Dysuria	[3, 38]
	Stem and leaves	(i) For renal stones	[39]
(6) Cardiovascular system	Whole plant	(i) Cardiotonic	[22]
	Root	(ii) As a blood purifier	[24]
(7) Nervous system	Whole plant	(i) Headache	[40]
	Root	(i) Epilepsy	[4, 41, 42]
		(ii) Headache	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(iii) Migraine	[19]
		(iv) Pain in the limbs	[4]
		(v) Pain in the waist	[34]
		(vi) Melalgia and brachialgia	[24]
	Leaves and roots	(i) Headache, vertigo, and giddiness	[25]
	Fruit	(i) For headaches	[16, 43]
(8) Immune system
Inflammation	Root	(i) Antiperiodic and depurative	[24]
		(ii) Tumor and elephantiasis	[19, 44]
		(iii) Arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis	[35, 45]
	Leaves	(i) Local swelling of hands and feet	[46]
Fever	Whole plant	(i) For pain and cold extremities due to high fever	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
		(ii) All types of fever	[37]
		(iii) For typhoid fever	[5]
		(iv) Malarial fever	[47]
	Root	(i) Diaphoretic	[24]
		(ii) Febrifuge	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20, 48]
Venereal diseases	Whole plant	(i) Chronic syphilis	Ayurveda pharmacopoeia [20]
	Root	(i) Venereal diseases	[24]
Allergies	Root	(i) Itches due to allergies	[23]
(9) Reproductive system	Whole plant	(i) As an aphrodisiac	[49]
	Stem and leaves	(i) A contraceptive drug called “shanti bori” is made from aerial parts of TI	[50, 51]
(10) Snake and scorpion bites	Whole plant	(i) Scorpion stings and snake bites	[48, 49]
	Roots	(i) Snake bites	[52–55]
	Leaves	(i) For scorpion stings, insect bites, and snake bites	[19, 32]
(11) Miscellaneous	Whole plant	(i) As anticancer agent	[56, 57]
		(ii) As a nutritional source	[49]
		(iii) Mosquito repellent	[58]
		(iv) Ophthalmic diseases	[47]
		(v) Eliminates toxins from the body, energy booster	[22]
	Root	(i) Protection of a new born baby	[34]
		(ii) To warm the body	[36]
		(iii) Ankle sprains and fractures	[59]
	Leaves	(i) Insect repellents	[22]