A Systematic Review of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of 16 Essential Oils of Herbs

Table 2

In vivo study of Volatile oil from Traditional Chinese medicine under inflammatory conditions.

Essential oil Substance	Species	Animal	Inflammation of the species	Tested indicators	Assays Biochemical	Molecular	Conclusion	Reference
Maqian fruits essential oil	Rutaceous	Mice	DSS- induced intestinal inflammation	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, p35, TNF-α	—-	RT-PCR	This essential oil inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating the TLR4-mediated NF-κB-related signalling pathway.	[16]
Essential oil from waste leaves of Curcuma longa L.	Zingiberaceae	Mice	TPA-induced skin inflammation	TNF-α, IL-6,, IL-1β	ELISA	—	Topical application of this essential oil can reduce the ear thickness of ear swelling and ameliorating the level of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β cytokines in the ear swelling tissue.	[17]
Cinnamomum Cassia essential oil	Lauraceae	Mice	Paw edema induced by carrageenan	TNF-α, IL-1β	ELISA	Western blot	This essential oil can improve the swelling of mice feet by regulating the expression of cytokines ““ (TNF-α and IL-1β), NO, and PGE2.	[26]
Ginger essential oil	Zingiberaceae	Mice	Xylene-induced ear edema model, carrageenan-induced paw edema model and DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) model	TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-4	—	RT-PCR	This essential oil can reduce the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8and increase the expression of IL-4 to fight skin inflammation.	[27]
Angelica sinensis essential oil	Angelica	Mice	LPS-stimulated	TNF-a, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β	ELISA	—	This essential oil can regulate the cytokines, mediators and enzymes in the inflammatory model and play a good anti-inflammatory role.	[28]
Essential oils from gynura procumbens	Compositae	Mice	Xylene-induced ear oedema and hind paw model.formalin-injected mice	COX-2	—	—	This essential oil can play an anti-inflammatory role in the ear edema model, the plantar edema test, and the formalin-injected mice inflammation model	[21]
Essential oil of artemisia argyi	Artemisia	Mice	TPA-induced mouse ear edema	COX-2	—	Western blot	This essential oil reduces TPA-induced ear edema by lowering COX-2 protein levels.	[22]
Essential oil from citrus limetta;	Citrus	Rabbit, mice	TPA-induced mouse ear inflammation	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	ELISA	—	This oil is nonirritating to the skin of rabbits and inhibits TPA-induced ear inflammation by reducing cytokine levels (TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1).	[24]
Essential oil fromLavandula angustifolia	Labiatae	Rats	A rat model of renal ischemia	TNFα, IL1β, IL10	ELISA	—	This essential oil can reduce the level of TNFα, IL1β,, increase the level of IL10. Furthermore, it can restore the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce acute inflammation, and reduce rejection in kidney transplant patients.	[29]
Essential oil from foeniculum vulgare	Foeniculum	Rats	Acetic acid-induced rat colitis	TNF-a	—	Western blot	This essential oil has an anti-inflammatory effect on colitis rats, possibly by regulating the NF-kB pathway	[30]
Essential oil from fructus alpinia zerumbet	Zingiberaceae	Mice	LPS-stimulated	ICAM-1, VCAM-1, NF-κB, p65, (Phospho-p65)	—	Western blot	This essential oil alleviates lPS-induced endothelial injury by regulating endothelial adhesion molecules and regulating NF-kB signalling.	[18]
Essential oil from fruits of zanthoxylum coreanum nakai	Zanthoxylum	Mice	DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis model	NF-κB, p65, phosphorylated JNK, ERK, p38	—	Western blot	This essential oil reduces ear swelling and skin damage in mice through inhibition of NF-kB activity and MAPKs phosphorylation.	[19]