Research Article
Nutraceutical Use among Patients with Chronic Disease Attending Outpatient Clinics in a Tertiary Hospital
Table 6
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with nutraceutical use.
| | Variable | Total n (%) | User n (%) | Non-user n (%) | x2 (df) or t | value |
| | Gender | | | | | | | Male | 137 (40.2) | 17 (12.4) | 120 (87.6) | 4.682 (1) | 0.030 | | Female | 204 (59.8) | 44 (21.6) | 160 (78.4) | | | | Age in years (mean ± sd) | 44.4 (±12.4) | 47.4 (±11.1) | 43.8 (±12.7) | 2.053 | 0.040 | | Race | | | | | | | Malay | 226 (67.0) | 42 (18.6) | 184 (81.4) | 0.285 (1) | 0.593 | | Non-Malay | 111 (33.0) | 18 (16.2) | 93 (83.8) | | | | Marital status | | | | | | | Married | 174 (51.0) | 33 (19.0) | 141 (81.0) | 0.281 (1) | 0.596 | | Unmarried | 167 (49.0) | 28 (16.8) | 139 (83.2) | | | | Education | | | | | | | Secondary and less | 134 (39.5) | 21 (15.7) | 113 (84.3) | 0.463 (1) | 0.496 | | Tertiary | 205 (60.5) | 38 (18.5) | 167 (81.5) | | | | Work | | | | | | | Employed | 235 (70.4) | 44 (18.7) | 191 (81.3) | 0.112 (1) | 0.737 | | Unemployed | 99 (29.6) | 17 (17.2) | 82 (82.8) | | | | Income (median, IQR) (n = 80) | 4000 (3000, 5000) | 5000 (4000, 6000) | 4000 (3000, 5000) | 355.500 | 0.030 | | Morbidities | | | | | | | Single morbidities | 186 (54.5) | 25 (13.4) | 161 (86.6) | 5.511 (1) | 0.019 | | Multiple morbidities | 155 (45.5) | 36 (23.2) | 119 (76.8) | | | | Duration of disease in years (median, IQR) (n = 118) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 1145.000 | 0.907 | | Self-perceived health status | | | | | | | Good | 316 (92.7) | 57 (18.0) | 259 (82.0) | <0.001 (1) | 1.000 | | Poor | 25 (7.3) | 4 (16.0) | 21 (84.0) | | | | Knowledge | | | | | | | Good | 134 (39.3) | 25 (18.7) | 109 (81.3) | 0.089 (1) | 0.766 | | Poor | 207 (60.7) | 36 (17.4) | 171 (82.6) | | | | Attitude | | | | | | | Positive | 181 (53.1) | 33 (18.2) | 148 (81.8) | 0.031 (1) | 0.860 | | Negative | 160 (46.9) | 28 (17.5) | 132 (82.5) | | |
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Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test; Yates correction. |
