Hepatoprotective Plants from Bangladesh: A Biophytochemical Review and Future Prospect

Table 2

Hepatoprotective activity of Bangladeshi medicinal plants.

Plant name	Extract and plant part used	Test model	Dose	Route	Hepatoameliorative effects	Ref.
A. barbadensis	AQ extract of leaves	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and ALP levels and restored the depleted liver thiol levels	[110]
	AQ extract of gel from leaves	Alcohol-induced liver toxicity in rat	1 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated levels of aminotransaminases, ALP, and TB and maintained normal hepatocyte architecture integrity	[111]
	Fresh leaves extract	Lindane- (LD-) induced hepatotoxicity in rat	1 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, γ-GT, and ALP	[112]
	Fresh AQ leaves extract	Isoniazid- (INZ-) and rifampicin- (RMP-) induced liver toxicity in rats	50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, acid phosphatase (ACP), TB, total protein (TP), total albumin (TA), and total globulin (TGb)	[113]
	Fresh AQ leaves extract	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	60 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, γ-GT, and ↑ the liver antioxidant enzyme GSH	[114]
	ACTIValoe®N-931 (mixture of A. vera and Silybum marianum)	CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats	85, 170, and 340 mg/kg	IP	↓ the elevated aminotransferase levels and lipid peroxidation and ↑ the liver enzyme GSH, as well as ↓ the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mRNA expressions	[115]
	Fresh juice	Acute hepatitis in a 16–65 yrs of age human subject (a clinical diagnosis model)	20 mL juice twice daily for 6 weeks	Oral	↓ the elevated bilirubin, ALT, and AST	[116]
A. indica	Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves	CCl4- and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzymes, cholesterol, serum protein, and albumin as well as maintained normal hepatocyte architecture integrity	[237]
	EtOH and AQ extract of tuber	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	200 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme GSH, SOD, and CAT as well as ↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and MDA	[238]
A. nigra	MeOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB, and TP	[239]
A. spinosus	50% EtOH extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rat	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	Reduced oxidative stress via induction of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH and inhibited MDA, as well as restored the elevated level of serum AST, ALT, ALP, and TB	[125]
	MeOH extract of seeds	Deltamethrin- (DLM-) induced liver injury in rats	15 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx and ↓ the elevated MDA ALT, ALP, and LDH	[240]
	50% EtOH extract of the whole plant	GNH2-/lipopolysaccharide-induced rat liver injury	400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP and γ-GTP, and serum bilirubin (SB)	[127]
	MeOH extract of the whole plant	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB and lipid peroxidation as well as ↑ the liver enzyme CAT and GSH	[126]
A. paniculate	EtOH extract of leaves	Thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced liver cirrhosis in rats	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and ALP and normalized cellular ROS level and proliferation	[77]
	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT and ALP, liver weight, and volume	[78]
	AQ extract of leaves	Hexachlorocyclohexane- (BHC-) induced hepatotoxicity in mice	12 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP and↓ the activity of γ-glutamyl trans peptidase (γ-GTP), and lipid peroxidase (LPO)	[79]
	EtOH extract of leaves	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice	100–200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GPT, GOT, ALP, TB, and LPO, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx	[80]
A. polystachya	EtOH leaf extracts	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, and LDH	[241]
A. mexicana	AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatitis in rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and direct bilirubin	[128]
	Leaf powder suspension	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	125, 250, and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, SGOT, ALT, SGPT, ALP, TB, and direct bilirubin	[129]
	MeOH and AQ extract of aerial parts	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGP, and ALP	[130]
A. racemosus	AQ root extract and its fraction	CCl4-induced formation of lipid peroxides in the rat liver	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB, and MDA, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, and GSH	[242]
	Plant powder	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and ↑ the liver enzyme SOD and CAT	[243]
	NA	INZ-induced liver toxicity in rats	50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ROS via inhibition of hepatic CYP2E1 activity and ↑ the liver enzyme GSH	[244]
A. carambola	AQ fruit extract	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice	0.9 g/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and ↑ the liver enzyme GSH	[245]
	EtOH extract of fruits	Chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice	05, 15, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the tumor incidence, tumor yield, tumor burden, and LPO, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD and CAT	[246]
	MeOH extracts of ripe fruits	APAP- and D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and TB	[94]
B. montanum	MeOH extract of root	TAA-induced liver toxicity in rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GOT, SGPT, ALP, TB, TG, TP, and albumin	[34]
	EtOH and AQ root extract	APAP-induced liver toxicity in rats	100–2000 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated oxidative stress and GPT, GOT, and ALP	[35]
	MeOH and ethylmetyl ketone subfraction of root	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	50, 100, and 150 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GOT, GPT, and TP	[36]
		In vitro hepatocyte viability	100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL	Cell culture	↑ the viability of hepatocyte
	MeOH subfraction of root	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	50, 100, and 150 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated oxidative stress and GPT, GOT, and TP	[37]
		In vitro hepatocyte viability	100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL	Cell culture	↑ the viability of hepatocyte and ↓ the elevated level of cellular TP
B. orellana	MeOH extract of aerial parts	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, SGPT, AST, SGOT, and cholesterol	[95]
	Seed oil	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats	0, 1, 5, and 10%	Oral	↓ the elevated liver biomarker enzymes, TB, and LPO	[132]
	Petroleum ether (PE), MeOH, and AQ leaves extracts	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats	250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated TB, direct bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, and TP	[131]
	50% EtOH extract of seeds	Ethanol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TB, and LDH	[133]
B. diffusa	AQ extract of root	TAA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	2 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GOT, GPT, ACP, and ALP, but not LDH and bilirubin	[247]
	EtOH extract of root	Ethanol-induced liver damage in rats	150 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and γ-GTP to the normal level	[248]
	MeOH (85%) extract of root and the aerial part	Ibuprofen- (IB-) induced hepatotoxicity in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and TB and ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST, as well as normalized liver histological changes	[134]
	EtOH extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, ACP, LDH, γ-GT, and TB and inhibit LOP, as well as normalized liver histological changes	[136]
	EtOH (50%) extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	2000 mg/kg	Oral	Protective activity via protection of drug-metabolizing enzymes and ↓ the elevated SGOP and SGPT as well as increased bile flow to the liver	[135]
C. cajan	MeOH extract of aerial parts	CCl4-induced liver injury in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, SGPT, AST, SGOT, and cholesterol	[95]
	EtOH extract of leaves	D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats	100 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme CAT, SOD, GPx, and GST and ↓ the elevated AST and ALT	[96]
	MeOH-AQ fraction of leaves	Alcohol-induced rat liver damage	50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzymes and ↑ the liver enzyme activities. Molecular mechanism involved the upregulation of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B (UGT2B) expression and activation of Nrf2	[97]
	MeOH extract of tender leaves	APAP and D-galactosamine induced hepatic injury in rats	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and TB	[94]
C. floribunda	CHCl3 fraction of MeOH extract of stem	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB, as well as cellular protection of centribular necrosis and vacuolization	[249]
C. tinctorius	Seed oil	Alloxan-induced liver toxicity in type 1 diabetic rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated blood glucose, TC, TGs, LDL, ALT, AST, and ALP and increased the level of HDL	[61]
	MeOH extract of flowers	CCl4-induced liver injury in rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, ALP, AST, MDA, TB, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, and GSH	[60]
	MeOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats	150 and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated blood ALT, AST, and ALP	[62]
C. fistula	EtOH leaf extract	Diethyl nitrosamine- (DEN-) induced liver toxicity in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SOD and CAT and ↑ the liver enzyme LPO, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, γ –GT, and TB	[103]
	n-Heptane extract of leaves	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, TB and ALP	[98]
	n-Heptane extract of leaves	CCl4 with liquid paraffin (1 : 1)-induced liver injury in rats	400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, TB, and ALP	[99]
	Hydroalcoholic extract of fruit	Bromobenzene-induced liver toxicity in mice	200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg	Oral	Dose-dependently ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and TB	[101]
	AQ extract of fruit pulp	CCl4-induced liver injury in rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and TB and increase in TP	[102]
	MeOH extract of seeds	APAP-induced hepatitis in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB to the normal levels	[100]
	EtOH extract of leaves	INZ- and RIF-induced liver toxicity in rats	400 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated oxidative stress and ALT, AST, ALP, and TB	[104]
C. bonducella	AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced chronic rat hepatotoxicity	NA	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, TB, and prothrombin time (PT)	[107]
	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TB, and MDA with an ↑ the liver enzyme CAT and GPx	[105]
	MeOH leaf extract	Gentamicin-induced rat liver toxicity	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme ALT, AST, ALP, TB, and TP	[106]
	MeOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced chronic rat hepatotoxicity	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB, uric acid, and LPO whereas reduced oxidative stress via ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GSH, vit. C, vit.E, and protein	[109]
	MeOH extract of leaves	APAP-induced liver damage in rats	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzymes, bilirubin, and LPO, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme GSH, SOD, CAT, and protein	[108]
C. papaya	MeOH extract of stalk	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated TP, AST, and ALT	[138]
	AQ extract of ripe seed	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin	[139]
	AQ extract of leaf and unripe fruits	CCl4- and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100 and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme GSH, SOD, and CAT, as well as ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and MDA	[137]
	AQ seed extract of unripe fruit	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100–400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzyme (ALT and AST), serum lipids (TG, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c), and serum proteins (TP and ALB)	[141]
	AQ and EtOH extracts of dried fruit	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and ALP	[140]
C. album	EtOH extract of leaves	EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzymes and LPO, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme GSH, SOD, and CAT	[250]
	AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, LDH, TC, and TB	[251]
	EtOH extract of leaves	EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	200, 400, and 600 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, SGOT, ALT or SGPT, ALP, TB, TC, and LPO and ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, and GSH	[252]
	Alcoholic and AQ extracts of the aerial	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin content	[253]
C. colocynthis	MeOH extract of fruits	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ oxidative stress via the antioxidant mechanism and ↓ the elevated TB, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP	[40]
	EtOH fruit extract	Cisplatin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated MDA and nitrite levels, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme GSH, CAT, and SOD	[42]
	Hydroalcoholic fruit extract and its subfraction	CCl4-induced and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity in mice	400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST and ALT	[43]
	EtOH extract of roots	CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity in rats	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GPT, GOT, ALP, and bilirubin	[45]
	EtOH fruit extract	Polluted water-induced hepatic damage in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TP, and bilirubin	[44]
	EtOH fruit extract	APAP-induced hepatic injury in rats	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↑ cell membrane stabilization, hepatic cell regeneration and ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and ALP	[41]
C. lanatus	Aqueous EtOH seed extract	CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice	100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg	Oral	Improving drug metabolizing enzyme activity, ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, HA, and LN, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD and GPx. Molecular mechanism involved the inhibition of α-SMA and TGF-β1 protein expression	[47]
	Juice of pulp	Ethanol-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats	4 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated MDA and ↑ the liver enzyme CAT	[46]
	EtOH leaf extract	CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity in rats	500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ congestion and necrosis, as well as ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin	[50]
	MeOH seed extract	APAP-induced liver injury in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin	[48]
	AQ and MeOH extracts of seeds	Salt- and APAP-induced hepatic toxicity in female rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	Exerts antioxidant effects and healing with rejuvenating effects on the liver, as well as protects hepatocytes	[49]
C. orchioides	MeOH extract of rhizome	CCl4-induced hepatopathy in rats	70 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR	[254]
C. longa	Crude extract of rhizome	INZ-RIF-pyzinamide (PZA)-induced hepatic injury in Guinea pigs	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and normalized liver histological changes	[120]
	MeOH extract of rhizome	D-galactosamine- (GNH2-) induced liver injury in mice	100 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SOD, glutathione-s-transferase (GST), CAT and SOD, and GSH with a ↓ in the elevated LPO, AST, ALT, and ALP	[121]
	MeOH extract of rhizome	Alloxan-induced liver injury in rabbits	2000 mg/kg	Oral	Improves the levels of serum glucose, serum transaminases and antioxidant activity	[124]
	EtOH extract of rhizome	TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated MDA, AST, ALT, ALP, nitrotyrosine, and urinary 8-hydroxyguanosine and ↑ the liver enzyme SOD and CAT, as well as restored the elevated cytokines TGF-β1, TNF-α, and induction of apoptosis	[119]
	EtOH extract of rhizome	Mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated transaminase, ALP, LDH, TB, γ-GT, and TG, as well as a protective effect on drug metabolizing CYP 2E1 enzymes, viz., aniline hydroxylase (AH) and amidopyrine-N-demethylase (AND)	[123]
	50% EtOH extract of rhizome	CCl4-induced acute hepatic stress in rat	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST and ALP, and LPO	[122]
C. reflexa	AQ extracts	CHCl3-, EtOH-, and APAP-induced hepatotoxic rat	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP restore to the normal level	[255]
C. melo	MeOH extract fruit	RIF-INZ induced hepatotoxicity in rat	100, 250, and 500 mg/kg	IP	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, LPO, TB, and TP, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme GPx, GRD, SOD, CAT, and GSH	[256]
C. ternatea	MeOH extract of leaf	APAP-induced liver injury in mice	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and TB	[257]
D. carota	Oil extract and its fraction of tuber root	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	IP	↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, and GST, as well as ↓ the elevated AST and ALP	[144]
	AQ extract of tuber roots	APAP-, INZ-, and EtOH-induced liver injury in rats	25 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, TB, and PT	[142]
	AQ extract of tuber roots	LD-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	25 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TC, TG, and LDL‐cholesterol. It also restored the depressed antioxidant.	[143]
	MeOH extract of seeds	TAA-induced liver toxicity in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GR and ↓ the elevated LPO, SGPT, SGOT, and ALP	[258]
E. viride	EtOH extract of roots	APAP-induced liver injury in rat	200, 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB and TG	[259]
	MeOH extract of whole plant	CCl4- and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme GSH level	[260]
E. alba	MeOH leaves and CHCl3 root extract	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	Reduced lysosomal enzyme in blood	[66]
	AQ leaf extract	CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and ALP and ↑ the liver enzyme SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST	[65]
	AQ leaf extract	EtOH-induced oxidative stress on liver in rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as ↑ the liver enzyme SOD and CAT	[67]
	EtOH extract of aerial parts	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat and mice	62.5–500 mg/kg	Oral	↑ protection of liver drug metabolizing enzyme, ↑ bromosulphalen (BSP) clearance, and ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and TB	[64]
E. scaber	EtOH extract of leaves	Alcohol-induced liver damage in mice	3, 15, and 30 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and ALP level to near the normal value	[68]
	MeOH extract of root	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	75 and 150 mg/kg	Oral	↑ antioxidant mechanisms, especially its free-radical-scavenging activity, as well as ↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and ALP	[70]
	Dry root powder in water	CC14-induced chronic liver dysfunction in rat	250–1500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and ALP	[71]
E. indica	AQ extract of aerial parts	CCl4-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats	150 and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↑ liver enzymes SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and QR, as well as ↓ the elevated MDA, ALT, and AST	[261]
E. tirucalli	AQ bark extract	CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats	125 and 250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver markers, enzymes, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LPO, as well as ↑ liver enzyme GSH	[262]
G. pentaphylla	MeOH extract of leaves	APAP-induced hepatic damage in mice	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, TP, and liver weight	[263]
H. corymbosa	EtOH extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	500–3000 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT and SGPT	[264]
H. japonicum	AQ extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice	0.5–4.5gm raw material/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, and TB	[265]
H. auriculata	Alkaloidal fraction of MeOH leaves extract	CCl4-induced toxicity in rat	80 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, TG, ALP, TB, and LDH	[266]
I. tinctora	AQ extract of leaves	INZ-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats	5 and 10 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TB, and TP	[267]
K. pinnata	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	100 mg/mL	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB, as well as protect liver drug metabolizing enzyme	[268]
L. inermis	AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	1 mL/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and TB	[269]
	50% EtOH extract of bark	CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rats	250 and 500 mg/kg	Oral	↑ liver antioxidant enzymes and metabolizing enzymes, as well as ↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, and LDH	[270]
	Hydroalcoholic extract of barks	CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats	20 mg/mL	Oral	Upregulation of liver-metabolizing enzymes and restored the elevated level of serum liver biomarkers	[271]
	MeOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin	[272]
	Butanolic fraction of leaves	2-Acetylaminofluorene- (2-AAF-) induced hepatic damage in rats	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and LPO as well as restored the normal liver architecture	[273]
M. arvensis	CHCl3, EtOH, and AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	375 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB and also preserved the liver tissue as normal	[274]
M. charantea	Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatopathy in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB	[54]
	AQ extract of fruit	Liver injury in restraint-stressed mice	250, 500, and 750 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver AST, ALT, and NO, well as ↑ activities of mitrochondrial respiratory chain complex I and II	[56]
	Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatopathy in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB	[55]
	AQ extract of fruit	Cyclophosphamide- (CP-)induced hepatotoxicity in rats	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TP, LDH, and TB to normal values	[51]
	AQ extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	Restored the elevated level of AST, ALT, ALP, and TB, as well as ↑ liver enzyme SOD and CAT	[53]
	Alcoholic extract of fruit	Ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats	300 mg/kg	Oral	Restored the hepatic elevated level of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as ↑ liver antioxidant enzyme SOD, GPx, and CAT	[57]
M. oleifera	MeOH extract of leaves	Streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats	250 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TP, and TB to normal values, well as restored the cytokine level including IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and TNF-α	[275]
N. nucifera	50% EtOH extract of flower	CCl4- and APAP-induced hepatopathy in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and TB	[276]
N. cristatum	50% EtOH extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced acute hepatic damage in rats	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB and preserved hepatic tissues to normal	[277]
O. basilicum	EtOH extract of laves	H2O2- and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in goat liver	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALP, ALT, and protein	[278]
P. foetida	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced hepatic lesions and oxidative stress in rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated LPO, GPT, GOT, ALP, and TB	[279]
P. acidus	EtOH and AQ extracts of leaves	APAP- and TAA-induced hepatic injuries in rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated oxidative stress and serum AST, ALT, ALP, and TB	[280]
P. emblica	AQ extracts of fruits	APAP-induced hepatic damage in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	Antioxidant properties were associated with its liver protective activity	[281]
P. oleracea	AQ extract of aerial parts	CCl4-induced hepatopathy in rats	50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, TB, TP, and TC. It also protects drug-metabolizing enzymes	[282]
P. indica	Alcoholic leaf extract	CCl4-induced liver damage in rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated GOT, GPT, and ALP	[283]
P. nigrum	AQ, EtOH, and CHCl3 extract of root	CCl4-induced rat liver injury	120 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and MDA, as well as ↑ liver enzyme GSH	[284]
R. vesicarius	MeOH extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↑ liver enzyme SOD and CAT and ↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, MDA, and TB	[285]
S. nigrum	EtOH extract of leaves	In vitro free-radical-mediated DNA damage	NA	Cell culture	Prevented the free-radical-mediated oxidative degradation of DNA in the liver tissue debris to protect the liver	[286]
S. torvum	EtOH extract of fruits	Doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100 and 300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT and AST and ↑ liver enzyme SOD and CAT	[287]
S. oleracea	PE, EtOH, and AQ extract of seed	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	100 μg/mL	Oral	Restoration of biochemical and histological changes	[288]
S. jambos	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced liver damage in rat	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TB, TP, and liver weight	[289]
T. purpurea	EtOH extract of leaves	CCl4-induced liver damage in rat	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALP, AST, ALT, and TB	[162]
T. arjuna	AQ extract of bark	INZ-induced liver toxicity in rat	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, ACP, TB, and protein, as well as ↑ liver enzyme GSH and SOD	[88]
T. bellirica	AQ fraction of MeOH extract of fruit	CCl4-induced liver injury in rats and mice	50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↑ liver drug metabolizing enzyme and ↓ the elevated tranaminases, bilirubin, and LPO	[93]
T. chebula	EtOH extract of fruit	Liver toxicity induced by RIF, INZ, and PZA (in combination)	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↑ antioxidative and membrane-stabilizing activities, as well as ↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and TB	[89]
T. cordifolia	Swaras and hima extract of fresh stems	APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT and ALP	[290]
T. portulacastrum	EtOH leaf extract	APAP- and TAA-induced liver toxicity in rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TP	[291]
T. dioica	AQ and EtOH extract of aerial parts	Ferrous sulphate- (FeSO4-) induced liver injury in rats	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, TB, and ALP and increased TP level	[292]
W. chinensis	Hot AQ extract of the whole plant	Acute hepatitis induced by CCl4, APAP in mice, and GNH2 in rats	300 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT and SGPT	[293]
	EtOHc and AQ extract of the whole plant	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rat	500 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TB	[294]