Hepatoprotective Plants from Bangladesh: A Biophytochemical Review and Future Prospect

Table 3

List of lead hepatoprotective compounds isolated form Bangladeshi traditional plants.

Plant name	Isolated compound	Test model	Dose	Route	Mechanism of hepatoprotective action	Ref.
A. vera	Polysaccharides	Alcohol-induced liver diseases in mice	10 mg/kg	IP	Reduced liver biomarkers via increasing lipolysis through upregulating hepatic expression of lipolytic genes AMPK-α2 and PPARα, as well as reduced hepatic inflammation via downregulation of TLR-4 and MyD88 with upregulation of IκB-α	[236]
	Aloe emodin	Myofibroblastic differentiation study in rat hepatic stellate cells	0.004–0.04 μM/mL	Cell culture	Inhibition of stellate cell proliferation by reduced DNA synthesis and inhibition of type I collagen production and smooth muscle alpha-actin expression	[221]
		CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats	185 μM/kg	IP	Reduced hepatocyte death and inflammation through inhibition of TNF-α and LPO	[220]
	Aloin	Alcohol-induced liver injury in mice	24 and 72 μM/kg	Oral	Attenuated lipid accumulation via inhibition of SREBP-1c regulate gene, as well as reduced hepatic inflammation through downregulation of TLR-4 and TNF-α	[223]
		TAA-induced hepatic retinopathy	120 and 240 μM/kg	Oral	Suppressed retinal injury associated with liver toxicity through the normalization of Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 channels	[224]
A. spinosus	Rutin	CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats	NA	Oral	↓ the elevated level of transaminases, phosphatases, total protein, albumin and LPO as well as ↑ upregulation of antioxidant enzymes	[157]
A. paniculata	Andrographolide	EtOH-induced liver toxicity in mice	177–1427 μM/kg	IP	Restored the elevated serum level of GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP, and LP	[175]
		Nonalcoholic high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver disease in rat	143 μM/kg	Oral	Restored the elevated level of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, as well as normalized the hepatic architecture	[183]
		Palmitate-oleate-induced steatotic in HepG2 cells	12.5–50 μM	Cell culture	Ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipotoxicity via reduced lipid accumulation
		APAP-induced liver damage in rat	2–34 μM/kg	Oral	Increased viability of hepatocytes and ↓ the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP in serum and isolated rat hepatocytes	[176]
		CCl4 and tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) intoxicated mice	286 μM/kg	IP	↓ the elevatedMDA, SGPT, and ALP and ↑ liver GSH activity	[177]
		CCl4-induced liver toxicity in male mice	286 μM/kg	IP	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOP, ALP, TB, and TG, as well as protected drug-metabolizing enzyme	[178]
	Arabinogalactan proteins	EtOH-induced liver toxicity in mice	62–500 mg/kg	IP	Restored the elevated serum level of GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP, and LP	[175]
	Isoandrographolide	Nonalcoholic high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver disease in rat	143 μM/kg	Oral	Restored the elevated level of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, as well as normalized the hepatic architecture	[183]
		Palmitate-oleate-induced steatotic in HepG2 cells	12.5–50 μM	Cell culture	Reduced lipid accumulation and leakage of LDH and transaminases (ALT and AST)
	3,19-Acetonylidene andrographolide	Nonalcoholic high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver disease in rat	128 μM/kg	Oral	Restored the elevated level of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, as well as normalized the hepatic architecture
		Palmitate-oleate-induced steatotic in HepG2 cells	12.5–50 μM	Cell culture	Ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipotoxicity via reduced lipid accumulation
	Andrographiside	CCl4 and t-BHP intoxicated mice	195 μM/kg	IP	↓ the elevated MDA, SGPT, and ALP and ↑ liver GSH activity	[177]
	Neoandrographolide	CCl4 and t-BHP intoxicated mice	208 μM/kg	IP	↓ the elevated MDA, SGPT, and ALP and ↑ liver GSH activity
B. orellana	Bixin	High-fat-diet-induced obese mice	127 μM/kg	Oral	↓ all metabolic parameters including body weight, Lee’s index, adiposity, CHT, TG, CHT/HDL-c, glucose, AST, and ALT	[234]
C. cajan	43 kD protein	TAA-induced liver toxicity in mice	2 mg/kg	IP	↓ the elevated SGPT, ALP, and LPO, as well as ↑ liver enzymes SOD, CAT, and GST	[295]
C. tinctorius	Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside	CCl4-induced oxidative liver injury in mice	336 and 672 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALP, and MDA and ↑ liver enzyme GSH, SOD, and CAT, as well as normailized hepatocyte architecture	[158]
C. fistula	Catechin	STZ-induced hepatic injury in diabetic rats	69 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, LDL, HDL, TC, and TG and normalized hepatic and renal cell damage	[159]
C. longa	Curcumin	HgCl2-induced liver toxicity in rats	217 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALP, LDH, TB, γ-GT, MDA, and TG, as well as ↑ the protective effect on drug-metabolizing CYP 2E1 enzymes	[123]
		Lindane-induced oxidative stress in male rats	272 and 544 μM/kg	Oral	Decreases LPO and ↑ liver antioxidant enzyme SOD, GSH, CAT, GST), GPx, GR and NADPH quinine reductase (QR)	[203]
		Dimethylnitrosamine- (DMN-) induced liver cirrhosis in rats	272 μM/kg	Oral	Restored the electrical conductivity and ↓ the elevated AST and ALT, as well as attenuated fibrosis and inflammatory response	[209]
		CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and mice	136 and 272 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and MDA and ↑ liver enzyme GSH and CAT, as well as normalized hepatic inflammatory lessions	[201]
		APAP-induced liver damage in mice	544 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, and LPO, as well as ↑ liver enzyme SOD, CAT, and GPx	[202]
		Alfatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	544 μM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver marker enzymes and LPO and ↑ liver enzyme GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx	[205]
		AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	0.05% w/w with diet	Oral	Modulated drug-metabolizing enzyme and ↓ AFB(1)-N(7)-guanine adduct excretion in the urine, DNA adduct in the liver, and albumin adduct in the serum	[204]
		TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice	814 μM/kg	Oral	Inhibiting HSC activation and inflammatory responses and inducing apoptosis of damaged hepatocytes via upregulating p53 protein expression and downregulating Bcl-2 mRNA expression	[214]
		Hepatitis B (HBV)-transfection HepG2215 cell line	50–150 µM	Cell culture	Inhibits HBV gene expression and DNA replication via downregulation of PGC-1α	[217]
	Sesquiterpene fraction: ar-turmerone, α-tumerone, and β-tumerone	D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats	0.5% w/w with diet	Oral	Suppressed the elevated LDB, ALT, and AST levels	[218]
E. ribes	Embelin	CCl4-induced peroxidative liver damage in rats	85 µM/kg	Oral	Upregulatioon of liver antioxidant and cytochorme P450 enzymes, as well as ↓ the elevated AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, LPO, and LDH	[228]
		DENA-/PB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats	170 µM/kg	Oral	↓ hepatic hyper plastic nodules, body weight loss, and hepatic diagnostic markers	[226]
		DENA/PB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats	170 µM/kg	Oral	Upregulated the hepatic glutathione antioxidant defense, ↓ LPO, and minimized the histological alterations	[227]
		CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats	170 and 240 µM/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, γ-GT, GST, and lipid peroxidase, as well as ↑ liver glutathione and reduced cellular inflammation	[296]
I. tinctora	trans-Tetracos-15-enoic acid (TCA)	CCl4- and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and mice	34–273 µM/kg	Oral	Accelerated regeneration of parenchymal cells and ↓ membrane fragility, LPO, and leakage of marker enzymes, as well as ↑ liver GSH	[232]
L. inermis	Gallic acid	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	294 µM/kg	IP	↓ the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and ROS, as well as ↑ liver SOD, CAT, and GPx and normalized hepatocellular architecture	[170]
M. charantea	Cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides	Antihepatic fibrosis activity against murine hepatic stellate cells (t-HSC/Cl-6) and antihepatoma activity in HepG2 and Hep3B cells	Upto 100 µM	Cell culture	Inhibition the activation of t-HSC/Cl-6 cells and ↓ cytotoxicity of Hep3B and HepG2 cells	[197]
	Norcucurbitane-type triterpenoids	t-BHP-induced injury on HepG2 cells	5–10 µM	Cell culture	↑ the viability of HepG2 cells	[198]
O. basilicum	Triterpene acid: betulinic, oleanolic, ursolic, alphitolic, 3-epimaslinic, and euscaphic acids	Iron ascorbate-stimulated lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate	0.1–5 mg/mL	Cell culture	↓ liver oxidative stress by inhibition of LPO	[187]
P. olerace	Portulene diterpene, lupeol, b-sitosterol, and daucosterol	CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity in rats	10–50 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated level of SGOT, SGPT, and TB	[184]
S. jambos	Flavonoid fraction: myricetin, ellagic acid rahmnoside, quercetin 3-O-xylosyl-(1 ⟶ 2), rhamnoside, and rosmarinic acid	CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats	200 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver markers ALT, AST, TB, TC, TG, and MDA, as well as ↑ liver enzyme GSH and SOD	[167]
		Sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 hepatocytes	50 µgmL	Cell culture	↓ the ROS production via inhibition of p38 and its target MAPKAPK-2-activated signaling cascade
T. purpurea	Flavonoid fraction: Coumarins, flavonoids, flavanones, and quercetin	CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity	100 mg/kg	Oral	↓ the elevated liver markers SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin	[162]
T. chebula	Chebulic acid	t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes	280 µM/mL	Cell culture	↓ the ROS and cell cytotoxicity and the ratio of GSSH with GSH	[172]
		t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells	0.4, 2, and 10 µM	Cell culture	↓ the oxidative stress through controlling the activation of Nrf2 and its cytoprotective enzymes HO-1 and γ-GCL	[173]