|
| Plant source | Family | Isolated compound/s | Experimental model | Mode of action | Reference |
|
| Aegle marmelos Correa.—stem bark | Rutaceae | Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (18) (Figure 6) | Wistar rats with DM induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) | Improvement of plasma insulin level | [123] |
|
| Centella asiatica L. | Apiaceae | Asiatic acid (16) (Figure 5) | GK rats with T2DM | Reduction of islet fibrosis
Reversal of overexpressed fibronectin; a key protein related to islet fibrosis | [124] |
|
| Crocus sativus L.—flower | Iridaceae | Saffron (19) (Figure 6) | RIN-5F cells | Stimulation of insulin release | [125] |
|
| Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z. Tang and S.J. Cheng | Celastraceae | Polysaccharide | C57BL/6 mice with DM induced by HFD followed by STZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.) | Increase in β-cell mass
Improvement of HOMA-β | [126] |
|
| Dioscorea species | Dioscoreaceae | Diosgenin (20) (Figure 6) (a phytosteroid sapogenin) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of β-cells | [127] |
|
Enicostemma species
Multiple edible plants | Gentianaceae | Swertiamarin (21) (Figure 6) (secoiridoid glycoside) quercetin (22) (Figure 6) (flavanoid) in combination | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of pancreatic islets | [128] |
|
| Hyoscyamus albus L.—seeds | Solanaceae | Calystegines (polyhydroxylated alkaloids and imino-sugars) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (130 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of β-cells | [129] |
|
| Momordica charantia L. | Cucurbitaceae | Genistein (23) (Figure 6) | Wistar rats with DM induced by HFD followed by STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of β-cells | [103] |
|
| Multiple plants | NA | Morin (24) (Figure 7) (flavonoid) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) | Preservation of the normal histological appearance of pancreatic islets
Preservation of insulin-positive β-cells | [130] |
|
| Multiple plants | NA | Berberine (25) (Figure 7) (alkaloid) | Wistar rats with DM induced by STZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) | Increase in insulin expression
Regeneration of β-cells
Decrease in MDA and increase in SOD | [131] |
|
| Nigella sativa L. | Ranunculaceae | Thymoquinone (26) (Figure 7) | Wistar rats with DM induced by STZ (45 mg/kg, i.p.) | Improvement of the morphology of the pancreas | [132] |
|
| Nymphaea stellate Willd.—chloroform extract of flower | Nymphaeaceae | Nymphayol (27) (Figure 7) (A sterol) | Wistar rats with DM induced by STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.) | Increase in the number of β-cell mass
Increase in islet-like cell clusters in the islets of Langerhans | [133] |
|
| Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. | Anacardiaceae | Lanosteryl triterpene, methyl-3β-hydroxylanosta-9,24-dien-21-oate | Sprague–Dawley rats induced with DM by HFD followed by STZ (30 mg/kg, i.p.) | Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation
Improvement of pancreatic structure | [134] |
|
| Rosa canina L.—fruits | Rosaceae | Oligosaccharide | Wistar rats with DM induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) | Improvement of the structure of pancreatic β-cells and tissues
Increase expression of Ngn3, Nkx6.1, and insulin | [135] |
|
| Solanum torvum Sw.—fruit | Solanaceae | Methyl caffeate (28) (Figure 7) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of β-cells | [136] |
|
| Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.—fruit rind | Combretaceae | Gallic acid (29) (Figure 7) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of β-cells | [137] |
|
| Vitex negundo (Linn.) | Verbenaceae | 20-OH ecdysone (33) (Figure 7) | Albino rats with DM induced by STZ (45 mg/kg, i.p.) | Regeneration of pancreatic islets | [138] |
|
