Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Alone and in Combination with Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Function in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Study

Table 3

Effect of treatment on biomarkers of oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular inflammation at 12 weeks.
Parameter (normal range)ω-3FA 2000 mg
(A)
(n = 18)		ω-3FA 2000 mg + PCC 10 mg
(B)
(n = 19)		ω-3FA 2000 mg + PCC 20 mg
(C)
(n = 21)
Baseline12 weeksMean change (%) value baseline to 12 weeksBaseline12 weeksMean change (%) value baseline to 12 weeksBaseline12 weeksMean change (%) value baseline to 12 weeks
MDA (2.70–4.50 nM/ml)3.70 ± 0.313.66 ± 0.24−0.743.65 ± 0.313.40 ± 0.26−6.744.46 ± 0.403.64 ± 0.38−18.46
NO (24.8748.23 μM/L)31.54 ± 3.8033.10 ± 3.54+5.1530.66 ± 3.651633.65 ± 3.10+10.1129.74 ± 2.5937.14 ± 2.80+25.14
GSH (509–657 μM/L)548.01 ± 15.64553.53 ± 15.79+1.01553.84 ± 12.46581.27 ± 13.71+4.96558.65 ± 17.84644.58 ± 25.08+15.39
hsCRP (<1.0 mg/L–low risk 1.0–3.0 mg/L average risk >3.0 mg/L–high risk)3.09 ± 0.123.05 ± 0.10−1.393.33 ± 0.193.16 ± 0.22−5.033.19 ± 0.212.50 ± 0.23−21.56
ICAM-1 (302 1115 ng/ml)560.17 ± 132.90512.78 ± 129.81−8.84591.21 ± 155.36497.84 ± 140.83−16.24633.62 ± 153.85488.95 ± 145.70−23.57
VCAM-1 (400.6–1340.8 ng/ml)702.11 ± 123.66678.39 ± 127.01−3.58730.14 ± 151.72597.93 ± 110.74−17.58756.67 ± 142.94514.17 ± 89.96−31.62
ET-1 (3.55 ± 1.78 pg/mL)3.98 ± 0.253.64 ± 0.23−8.454.04 ± 0.503.54 ± 0.48−12.374.23 ± 0.453.07 ± 0.27−26.89
Values expressed as mean ± SD. Ns: not significant. Within groups from baseline to each week (paired t-test was done): MDA: A , B & C ; NO: A, B & C ; GSH: A, B & C ; hsCRP: A , B & C ; ICAM-1: A, B & C ; VCAM-1: A, B & C ; ET-1: A, B & C . Between groups (ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test was done): MDA: B vs A , C vs A & C vs B ; NO: B vs A , C vs A & C vs B ; GSH: B vs A, C vs A & C vs B ; hsCRP: B vs A , C vs A & C vs B ; ICAM-1: B vs A , C vs A & C vs B ; VCAM-1: B vs A, C vs A & C vs B ; ET-1: B vs A ns, C vs A, C vs B .