Progress in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Table 1

Diagnosis criteria of joint infection (before and after operation)

Major criteria (at last 1)	Diagnosis
2 tissue samples produce the same microbe	Infection
The presence of sinuses connected to joints or prosthetics visible to the eye watch
Diagnosis before operation	Secondary criteria		Score	Diagnosis
	Blood	CPR, D-np ↑	2	≥6 infection
		ESR ↑	1
	Liquid in the joint	WBC ↑	3	2–5 infection questioned^a
		α-Defense factor+	3	0-1 no infection
		Polymorphic nuclear cells % ↑	2
		CRP ↑	1
Operation diagnosis	Biopsy		Score	Diagnosis
	Score before operation		—	≥6 infection
	Histology positive result		3	4-5 infection questioned^b
	Purulence tissue		3	≤3 no infection
	Tissue culture positive only		2

^aFor patients with suspected infections, surgical diagnosis can be useful; ^bfurther molecular diagnosis may be considered, such as next-generation sequencing.