|
| Author (year) | Target species | Sample size (n) | Intervention group | Probiotic dose | Control group | Duration | Outcome | Results’ mean ± SD (Int vs. ctrl) |
|
| Narva et al. (2004) | Six-week-old, male, Sprague-Dawley rats | 5 groups (n = 10-11 per group) | 1. L. helveticus (LBK-16H)-fermented milk + solid content of the same milk
2. Saccharomyces-fermented milk (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and L. helveticus bacteria) | 1. 150 kJ/100 g
2. 200 kJ/100 g | 1-sour milk fermented with a Lactococcus sp.-mixed culture
2-skim milk
3-water | 14 weeks | U-Ca (mg/d) | Int1: 2.3 ± 0.5
Int2: 1.7 ± 0.3
Ctrl1: 0.6 ± 0.1
Ctrl2: 1.6 ± 0.2
Ctrl3: 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| BMC (g) | Int1: 0.451 ± 0.010
Int2: 0.409 ± 0.009
Ctrl1: 0.459 ± 0.008
Ctrl2: 0.474 ± 0.004
Ctrl3: 0.456 ± 0.008 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | Int1: 0.257 ± 0.018
Int2: 0.228 ± 0.003
Ctrl1: 0.243 ± 0.003
Ctrl2: 0.248 ± 0.002
Ctrl3: 0.241 ± 0.003 |
| Femur weight (g) | Int1: 0.89 ± 0.02
Int2: 0.82 ± 0.02
Ctrl1: 0.90 ± 0.02
Ctrl2: 0.92 ± 0.01
Ctrl3: 0.90 ± 0.01 |
| Femur volume (cm3) | Int1: 0.60 ± 0.01
Int2: 0.56 ± 0.01
Ctrl1: 0.61 ± 0.01
Ctrl2: 0.62 ± 0.01
Ctrl3: 0.62 ± 0.02 |
| Femur length (cm) | Int1: 3.64 ± 0.02
Int2: 3.55 ± 0.02
Ctrl1: 3.64 ± 0.02
Ctrl2: 3.68 ± 0.02
Ctrl3: 3.66 ± 0.03 |
| Ca (mg/g) | Int1: 162.0 ± 1.3
Int2: 160.9 ± 1.9
Ctrl1: 161.9 ± 1.4
Ctrl2: 164.7 ± 1.6
Ctrl3: 161.8 ± 1.8 |
| P (mg/g) | Int1: 74.8 ± 0.7
Int2: 74.6 ± 1.1
Ctrl1: 75.0 ± 0.8
Ctrl2: 76.4 ± 0.8
Ctrl3: 75.3 ± 1.1 |
|
| Mutus et al. (2006) | 1-day-old broiler chicks (both gender) | 50 (n = 25 per each group) | Diet (corn, soybean meal, and wheat) + Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis | Each containing 2.3 × 108 CFU/g of spores) | Diet (corn, soybean meal, and wheat) | 6 weeks | Tibiotarsi weight/length index (mg/mm) | 79.59 vs. 77.22 |
| Robusticity index | 4.94 vs. 5.01 |
| Diaphysis diameter (mm) | 9.55 vs. 9.64 |
| Thickness of medial and lateral wall (mm) | 1.75 vs. 1.58
3.03 vs. 2.57 |
| Medullary canal diameter (mm) | 4.76 vs. 5.50 |
| Tibiotarsal index | 49.99 vs. 43.26 |
| Modulus of elasticity (kg/cm2) | 5192 vs. 4487 |
| Yield stress (kg/cm2) | 83.48 vs. 81.56 |
| Bone-P (%) | 11.26 vs. 10.06 |
| Bone-Ca (%) | 23.63 vs. 22.52 |
|
| Mathy et al. (2007) | 90-day-old female Wistar rats | 70,
control: 10 rats (SH),
intervention: 60 rats (OVX) (10 in each group) | 1. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet (control group)
2. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet + genistein
3. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet + daidzein
4. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet + equol
5. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet + daidzein + short chain FOS
6. Soy protein free powdered semipurified diet + daidzein + Lactobacillus casei | NM | Soybean-protein-free
powdered semipurified diet | 90 days | Total BMD (g/cm2) | OVX: 0.220
G: 0.234
D: 0.239
E: 0.239
D + FOS: 0.245
D + L: 0.241
SH: 0.256 |
| Diaphyseal BMD (g/cm2) | OVX: 0.209
G: 0.221
D: 0.225
E: 0.224
D + FOS: 0.230
D + L: 0.226
SH: 0.232 |
| Metaphyseal BMD (g/cm2) | OVX: 0.222
G: 0.246
D: 0.248
E: 0.251
D + FOS: 0.260
D + L: 0.255
SH: 0.267 |
| Femoral failure load | OVX: 102.67
G: 110.38
D: 109.18
E: 116.44
D + FOS: 115.02
D + L: 109.63
SH: 108.06 |
| OC (ng/ml) | OVX: 4.98
G: 5.45
D: 5.00
E: 4.89
D + FOS: 5.21
D + L: 5.12
SH: 3.91 |
| Trabecular thickness (um) | OVX: 9.200
G: 9.637
D: 9.883
E:9.050
D + FOS: 9.891
D + L: 10.899
SH: 9.090 |
|
| Narva et al. (2007) | 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats | 50 (10 in each group) | 1. Tap water
2. 30 mg/L synthesized VPP peptide in water
3. 60 mg/L synthesized VPP peptide in water
4. Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk containing VPP peptide 21 mg/L | 60 ml | Shamoperated group
receiving tap water (sham) | 12 weeks | Trabecular BMD of proximal tibia (mg/cm3) | Sham: 245.75
OVX: 105.25
OVX + VPP30 : 112.15
OVX + VPP60 : 108.30
OVX + LH: 126.61 |
| Cortical BMD of proximal tibia (mg/cm3) | Sham: 1271
OVX: 1255
OVX + VPP30 : 1256
OVX + VPP60 : 1260
OVX + LH:1266 |
| Cortical BMD of tibial diaphysis (mg/cm3) | Sham: 1367.2
OVX: 1364.6
OVX + VPP30 : 1367.7
OVX + VPP60 : 1367.6
OVX + LH: 1369.1 |
| Bone volume per tissue volume (%) | Sham: 20.43
OVX: 3.73
OVX + VPP30: 5.31
OVX + VPP60: 2.83
OVX + LH:6.53 |
| Trabecular thickness (um) | Sham: 46.52
OVX: 44.00
OVX + VPP30: 45.67
OVX + VPP60: 38.31
OVX + LH: 46.65 |
|
| Kimoto-Nira et al. (2007) | SAMP male, 6 months | 2 (n = 1 in each group) | Cornmeal + wheat + fishmeal + soya oil + calcium carbonate + vitamin/mineral (control) + strain H61 | Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris H61 (strain H61) | Control diet | 8 months | Bone density (mg/cm2) | 44.42 vs. 38.49 |
|
| Kimoto-Nira et al. (2009) | Male, 1-month-old, SAMP6 mice | Eighteen per experimental group | Cornmeal + wheat + fishmeal + soya oil + calcium carbonate + vitamin/mineral (control) + strain H61 | Lactococcus lactis G50 | Control diet | 11 months | Bone density (mg/cm2) | 39.7 ± 0.88 vs. 38.7 ± 0.88 |
|
| Houshmand et al. (2010) | 1-day male broiler chicks | 150 (6 groups, n = 25) | 1. Low-calcium diet (0.67%)
2. Low-calcium diet + probiotic
3. Low-calcium diet + prebiotic
4. Low-calcium diet + synbiotic
5. Low-calcium diet + organic acids (formic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and orthophosphoric acid) | 1 × 1010 CFU/kg Bacillus subtilis and 1 × 106 CFU/kg Clostridium butyricum | Basal diet containing recommended level of calcium (0.9%) | 21 days | TD incidence | Not detected in all groups |
| Tibia length (cm) | Crtl: 6.87 ± 0.05
LC: 6.65 ± 0.04
LC + Pro:7.07 ± 0.09
LC + Pre: 6.92 ± 0.05
LC + Syn: 6.92 ± 0.05
LC + OA: 6.84 ± 0.06 |
| Tibia weight (g) | Crtl: 2.65 ± 0.13
LC: 2.18 ± 0.04
LC + Pro: 2.80 ± 0.14
LC + Pre: 2.82 ± 0.11
LC + Syn: 2.77 ± 0.11
LC + OA: 2.65 ± 0.08 |
| Strength (kg/m2) | Crtl:36.06 ± 2.36
LC: 33.35 ± 1.62
LC + Pro: 36.20 ± 2.10
LC + Pre: 35.84 ± 1.47
LC + Syn: 36.94 ± 3.12
LC + OA: 34.77 ± 1.49 |
|
| Chiang and Pan (2011) | Female 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice | 48 (40 mice were OVX, and 8 SH mice) | 1. Phosphate-buffered saline (OVX)
2. Fosamax, 0.2 mg of alendronic acid, 8 units of colecalciferol per week (FOS)
3. 0.1 g of freeze-dried powder of soy skim milk fermented by L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101F)
4. 0.1 g of freeze-dried powder of soy skim milk fermented by L. plantarum
NTU 102 (NTU 102F)
5. 0.1 g of freeze-dried powder of nonfermented soy skim milk (NFSM) | (Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 and Lactobacillus plantarum NTU 102) 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL | Phosphate-buffered saline (n = 8, sham) | 8 weeks | Ca (mg/dl) | SH: 11.7 ± 0.3
OVX: 11.3 ± 0.4
FOS: 11.3 ± 0.3
NUT101F: 11.2 ± 0.4
NUT102F: 11.2 ± 0.3
NFSM: 11.1 ± 0.3 |
| P (mg/dl) | SH: 14.3 ± 1.5
OVX: 12.8 ± 1.2
FOS: 11.2 ± 0.8
NUT101F: 0.9 ± 0.7
NUT102F: 7.7 ± 1.1
NFSM: 7.7 ± 1.0 |
| ALP (U/L) | SH: 104.7 ± 14.6
OVX: 91.7 ± 11.1
FOS: 57.2 ± 15.5
NUT101F: 85.9 ± 9.0
NUT102F: 86.4 ± 11.5
NFSM: 96.3 ± 27.2 |
| ACP (U/L) | SH: 8.23 ± 0.55
OVX: 7.56 ± 0.67
FOS: 7.70 ± 0.71
NUT101F: 7.83 ± 0.75
NUT102F: 7.43 ± 0.86
NFSM: 7.01 ± 1.35 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | SH: 0.67
OVX: 0.66
FOS: 0.645
NUT101F: 0.63
NUT102F: 0.65
NFSM: 0.64 |
| Trabecular bone volume (%) | SH: 3.16
OVX: 2.00
FOS: 2.76
NUT101F: 3.08
NUT102F: 2.90
NFSM: 2.74 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | SH: 0.0719
OVX: 0.7266
FOS: 0.6727
NUT101F: 0.0716
NUT102F: 0.0706
NFSM: 0.0701 |
|
| Chiang et al. (2011) | Female BALB/c mice, 3 months old | 20 each group (n = 5) | 1. 0.05 g freeze-dried powder of soy skim milk fermented by L. plantarum NTU 101 (NTU 101F)
2. 0.05 g freeze-dried powder of soy skim milk fermented by L. plantarum NTU 102 (NTU 102F)
3. 0.05 g freeze-dried powder of nonfermented soy skim milk (NFSM) | Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei strain
NTU 101F (3.0 × 1011 CFU/g) & NTU 102F (3.9 × 1011 CFU/g) | Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control, ctrl) | 10 months | Right femur weight (%) | Ctrl: 0.6 ± 0.0
NUT101F: 0.7 ± 0.0
NUT102F: 0.6 ± 0.1
NFSM: 0.7 ± 0.0 |
| Right femur length (cm) | Ctrl: 1.5 ± 0.1
NUT101F: 1.6 ± 0.0
NUT102F: 1.6 ± 0.1
NFSM: 1.6 ± 0.1 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | Ctrl: 9.8 ± 0.5
NUT101 F: 9.8 ± 0.3
NUT102F: 9.5 ± 0.3
NFSM: 10.2 ± 0.5 |
| P (mg/dl) | Ctrl: 7.0 ± 0.7
NUT101F: 7.0 ± 0.9
NUT102F: 7.3 ± 0.7
NFSM: 8.8 ± 1.5 |
| ALP (U/L) | Ctrl: 78.7 ± 8.2
NUT101F: 74.2 ± 4.6
NUT102F: 69.2 ± 9.3
NFSM: 70.6 ± 4.6 |
| ACP (U/L) | Ctrl: 5.2 ± 0.4
NUT101F: 3.9 ± 1.1
NUT102F: 3.6 ± 5.7
NFSM: 5.6 ± 1.3 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | Ctrl: 0.715
NUT101F: 0.723
NUT102F: 0.719
NFSM: 0.716 |
| Trabecular bone volume (%) | Ctrl: 1.08
NUT101F: 3.64
NUT102F: 2.38
NFSM: 1.95 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Ctrl: 0.0835
NUT101F: 0.0798
NUT102F: 0.0776
NFSM: 0.735 |
|
| Takasugi et al. (2011) | Male rats, aged 3 weeks, Sprague–Dawley rats | 32 (n = 8 in each group) | 1. DFL
2. DFL + PPI | Dairy product fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (DFL) | 1. Casein-based diet
2. Casein-based diet + PPI | 9 days | Cortical BMD (mg/cm3) | Ctrl: 559 ± 12
Ctrl + PPI: 492 ± 9
DFL: 556 ± 8
DFL + PPI: 533 ± 9 |
| Cancellous BMD (mg/cm3) | Ctrl: 250 ± 7
Ctrl + PPI: 200 ± 5
DFL: 251 ± 8
DFL + PPI: 237 ± 6 |
| Total BMD (mg/cm3) | Ctrl: 357 ± 9
Ctrl + PPI: 303 ± 6
DFL: 359 ± 8
DFL + PPI: 341 ± 7 |
| Ca-left femur (mg) | Ctrl: 24.6 ± 0.9
Ctrl + PPI: 19.7 ± 0.6
DFL: 23.8 ± 0.7
DFL + PPI:22.5 ± 0.5 |
| P-left femur(mg) | Ctrl: 13.2 ± 0.5
Ctrl + PPI: 10.6 ± 0.3
DFL: 12.7 ± 0.4
DFL + PPI: 12.1 ± 0.3 |
| Total Ca (ug/ml) | Ctrl: 108 ± 2
Ctrl + PPI: 105 ± 2
DFL: 109 ± 3
DFL + PPI: 107 ± 2 |
| Total P (ug/ml) | Ctrl: 143 ± 9
Ctrl + PPI: 152 ± 6
DFL: 150 ± 6
DFL + PPI: 156 ± 8 |
| OC (ng/ml) | Ctrl: 756 ± 47
Ctrl + PPI: 965 ± 60
DFL: 755 ± 26
DFL + PPI: 784 ± 53 |
| CTX (ng/ml) | Ctrl: 74.8 ± 3.0
Ctrl + PPI: 92.1 ± 6.0
DFL: 77.8 ± 3.7
DFL + PPI: 78.3 ± 2.9 |
| PTH (pg/ml) | Ctrl: 61 ± 21
Ctrl + PPI: 215 ± 28
DFL: 73 ± 16
DFL + PPI: 163 ± 40 |
| 25-OH-D (nmol/l) | Ctrl: 34.5 ± 1.8
Ctrl + PPI: 33.3 ± 2.2
DFL: 36.4 ± 1.7
DFL + PPI: 33.8 ± 2.2 |
|
| Rodrigues et al. (2012) | Male Wistar rats, (aged = NM) | 32 (n = 8 in each group) | 1. Yacon flour (Y)
2. Diet + B. longum (B)
3. Yacon flour + B. longum (YB) | Bifidobacterium longum; 109 CFU mL−1 | 1. Ctrl: AIN-93G diet | 28 days | ALP (UI) | Ctrl: 156.88 ± 46.83
Y: 142.75 ± 25.89
B: 148.00 ± 29.71
YB: 139.12 ± 32.63 |
| Femur weight (g) | Ctrl: 0.60 ± 0.04
Y: 0.63 ± 0.04
B: 0.64 ± 0.04
YB: 0.64 ± 0.04 |
| Femur length (mm) | Ctrl: 3 2.30 ± 0.47 Y: 32.04 ± 0.87
B: 32.27 ± 0.59
YB: 31.40 ± 0.95 |
| Femur thickness (mm) | Ctrl: 4.60 ± 0.22
Y: 4.58 ± 0.32
B: 4.42 ± 0.25
YB: 4.50 ± 0.32 |
| Force of fracture (N) | Ctrl: 92.35 ± 11.19
Y: 99.86 ± 7.30
B: 100.33 ± 9.60
YB: 105.81 ± 21.70 |
| Bone weight (g) | Ctrl: 0.45 ± 0.03
Y: 0.47 ± 0.04
B: 0.45 ± 0.06
YB: 0.46 ± 0.02 |
| Bone-Ca | Ctrl: 7.55 ± 1.20
Y: 7.82 ± 1.07
B: 9.50 ± 0.57
YB: 8.91 ± 0.77 |
| Bone-P | Ctrl: 8.88 ± 1.21
Y: 9.18 ± 1.09
B: 10.75 ± 1.42
YB: 10.27 ± 0.57 |
|
| Shim et al. (2012) | Sprague-Dawley female rats, 10 weeks | 48 (sham, n = 8; OVX, n = 40) | 1. Bilaterally OVX (OVX)
2. Bilaterally OVX + 0.3 g/kg of HRT (HRT-0.3)
3. Bilaterally OVX + 1.0 g/kg of HRT (HRT-1.0)
4. Bilaterally OVX followed by 0.3 g/kg of fHRT (fHRT-0.3)
5. Bilaterally OVX + 1.0 g/kg of fHRT (fHRT-1.0) | Lactobacillus casei KFRI-127 1–5 × 106 CFU/mL | Sham operated (sham): normal diet without supplement | 3 months | BMD (g/cm3) | Sham: 0.331
OVX: 0.094
HRT-0.3: 0.125
HRT-1: 0.095
fHRT-0.3: 0.107
fHRT-1: 0.276 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham: 25.39
OVX: 8.98
HRT-0.3: 10.24
HRT-1: 7.94
fHRT-0.3: 8.96
fHRT-1: 18.68 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham: 0.113
OVX: 0.098
HRT-0.3: 0.103
HRT-1: 0.105
fHRT-0.3: 0.103
fHRT-1: 0.124 |
|
| McCabe et al. (2013) | C57Bl/6 mice, 14 weeks (both gender) | 20 (n = 10 in each group) | Normal diet with supplement formula | Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 (300 μl of 1 × 109 CFU/ml) | Normal diet without supplement | 4 weeks | Femur trabecular bone volume | 28.8 ± 1.8 vs. 19.8 ± 1.7 |
| Femur trabecular thickness (mm) | 49 ± 2 vs. 39 ± 2 |
| Femur trabecular BMC (mg) | 0.58 ± 0.02 vs. 0.50 ± 0.02 |
| Femur trabecular BMD (mg/cc) | 193 ± 7 vs. 166 ± 6 |
| Vertebral trabecular volume | 56.9 ± 2.7 vs. 38.8 ± 2.7 |
| Vertebral trabecular thickness (mm) | 61.3 ± 3.3 vs. 42.8 ± 1.7 |
| Vertebral trabecular BMC (mg) | 0.61 ± 0.02 vs. 0.49 ± 0.02 |
| Vertebral trabecular BMD (mg/cc) | 270 ± 7 vs. 216 ± 8 |
|
| Takasugi et al. (2013) | 3-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats | 56 (n = 8 in each group) | 1. Normal (ctrl diet + vehicle)
2. Low GOL (LO) + PPI
3. High GOL (HO) + PPI
4. DFL + PPI
5. DFL + LO + PPI
6. DFL + HO + PPI | Dairy product fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (DFL | 1. Ctrl: modified AIN-93G diet + PPI | 9 days | Cortical BMD (mg/cm3) | Normal: 518 ± 36
Ctrl: 475 ± 21
LO: 483 ± 21
HO: 515 ± 24
DFL: 542 ± 21
DFL + LO: 535 ± 13
DFL + HO:542 ± 30 |
| Cancellous BMD (mg/cm3) | Normal: 232 ± 14
Ctrl: 197 ± 12
LO: 203 ± 10
HO: 225 ± 18
DFL: 238 ± 13
DFL + LO: 236 ± 16
DFL + HO: 246 ± 20 |
| Total BMD (mg/cm3) | Normal: 330 ± 19
Ctrl: 294 ± 16
LO: 301 ± 13
HO: 327 ± 20
DFL: 345 ± 18
DFL + LO: 341 ± 15
DFL + HO: 349 ± 23 |
|
| Britton et al. (2014) | BALB/c mice 12 weeks of age, non-OVX and OVX, female | 24 (n = 8 in each group) | 1. OVX with normal diet
2. OVX + L. reuteri with normal diet | 300 μl (1 × 109 CFU/ml) L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 or MRS gavaging
1.5 × 108 CFU/ml L. reuteri added water | Non-OVX (ctrl) with normal diet | Four weeks | Femur trabecular BMD (mg/cc) | Ctrl: 230 ± 1.2
OVX: 179 ± 7
OVX + Lr: 222 ± 11 |
| Femur trabecular BMC (mg) | Ctrl: 0.38 ± 0.02
OVX: 0.27 ± 0.01
OVX + Lr: 0.35 ± 0.02 |
| Femur trabecular thickness (um) | Ctrl: 45.4 ± 1.2
OVX: 35.8 ± 2.2
OVX + Lr: 41.3 ± 1.9 |
| Vertebrae trabecular BMD (mg/cc) | Ctrl: 218 ± 8
OVX: 182 ± 8
OVX + Lr: 204 ± 10 |
| Vertebrae trabecular BMC (mg) | Ctrl: 0.36 ± 0.01
OVX: 0.29 ± 0.01
OVX + Lr: 0.36 ± 0.01 |
| Vertebrae trabecular thickness (um) | Ctrl: 47.4 ± 1.81
OVX: 37.5 ± 1.00
OVX + Lr: 40.8 ± 1.48 |
|
| Ohlsson et al. (2014) | Six-week-old C57BL/6N female mice | 60 (n = 10 in each group) | 1. OVX vehicle
2. OVX L. para
3. OVX L. mix | Lactobacillus strain, L. paracasei DSM13434 (L. para) or a mixture of three strains, L. paracasei DSM13434, L. plantarum DSM 15312 and DSM 15313 supplementation | 1. Vehicle sham
2. L. para sham
3. L. mix sham | 6 weeks | Trabecular bone volume (%) | Vehicle sham: 16.2 ± 0.7
L. para sham: 16.8 ± 0.8
L. mix sham: 17.4 ± 0.8
OVX vehicle: 13.2 ± 0.7
OVX L. para: 14.4 ± 0.6
OVX L. mix: 13.8 ± 0.5 |
| BMD (mg/cm2) | Vehicle sham: 322 ± 9
L. para sham:331 ± 12
L. mix sham:344 ± 8
OVX vehicle:285 ± 9
OVX L. para:302 ± 7
OVX L. mix:298 ± 7 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Vehicle sham: 45.3 ± 0.7
L. para sham: 46.0 ± 0.7
L. mix sham: 47.9 ± 1.0
OVX vehicle: 43.2 ± 0.8
OVX L. para: 42.7 ± 0.8
OVX L. mix: 44.6 ± 1.0 |
| OC (ng/ml) | Vehicle sham: 90.9 ± 10.4
L. para sham: 97.1 ± 6.7
L. mix sham: 105.6 ± 6.1
OVX vehicle: 159.9 ± 11.8
OVX L. para: 142.1 ± 7.9
OVX L. mix: 136.9 ± 6.5 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | Vehicle sham: 9.1 ± 0.4
L. para sham: 9.2 ± 0.4
L. mix sham: 8.5 ± 0.3
OVX vehicle: 10.3 ± 0.4
OVX L. para: 9.3 ± 0.4
OVX L. mix:8.7 ± 0.3 |
| 25 (OH) D3 (ng/ml) | Vehicle sham: 16.5 ± 1.3
L. para sham: 17.5 ± 1.7
L. mix sham: 16.5 ± 1.8
OVX vehicle: 16.7 ± 1.1
OVX L. para: 17.6 ± 1.0
OVX L. mix: 16.8 ± 1.2 |
|
| Parvaneh et al. (2015) | 10-week-old female mature Sprague-Dawley rats | 24 (n = 8) | G2 : OVX,
G3 : OVX + Bifidobacterium longum (OVX + B. longum). | 1 mL of Bifidobacterium longum
(108-109) (CFU/mL) | G1: sham-ovariectomized (sham) | 16 weeks | Osteocalcin (ng/ml) | Sham: 184.61 ± 6.93
OVX: 76.81 ± 6.44
OVX + B: 101.31 ± 9.21 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | Sham: 2.27 ± 0.12
OVX: 2.23 ± 0.12
OVX + B: 2.27 ± 0.06 |
| Ca-femur (mg/g) | Sham: 246.23 ± 10.14
OVX: 242.09 ± 5.16
OVX + B: 242.45 ± 15.26 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham: 73.66 ± 6.45
OVX: 49.60 ± 5.69
OVX + B: 60.55 ± 3.57 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham:7.33 ± 0.65
OVX: 4.83 ± 0.27
OVX + B: 7.21 ± 0.48 |
| BMD (g/cm3) | Sham: 1.06 ± 0.02
OVX: 0.59 ± 0.07
OVX + B: 0.89 ± 0.06 |
|
| Zhang et al. (2015) | Adult (14 weeks old) C57BL/6 male mice | 40 (n = 10 in each group) | 1. Normal diet + gavage L. reuteri (ctrl mice)
2. Normal diet + gavage L. reuteri (diabetic mice)
3. Normal diet (diabetic mice) | Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 (109 colony-forming units/mL) | Normal diet without gavage (ctrl mice) | 4 weeks | BMD (mg/cc) | Ctrl: 223.05
D: 177.23
Ctrl + LR: 238.62
D + LR: 237.75 |
| BMC (mg) | Ctrl: 0.581
D: 0.502
Ctrl + LR: 0.634
D + LR: 0.657 |
| Trabecular thickness(um) | Ctrl: 42.59
D: 35.77
Ctrl + LR: 48.71
D + LR: 50.99 |
| Bone volume (%) | Ctrl: 31.23
D: 21.81
Ctrl + LR: 35.74
D + LR: 34.94 |
|
| Collins et al. (2016) | Female BALB/c mice 11 weeks of age | 4 group (n = 9–18 per group) | 1. Nonsurgery (NS)+L.
2. Dorsal surgical incision (DSI)+L. | 300 μl (1 × 109 CFU/ml) Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 or MRS | 1. NS
2. DSI | 4 or 8 week | Bone volume (%) | NS: 22.4 ± 2.1
DSI: 24.1 ± 1.7
NS + L: 20.9 ± 2.8
DSI + L: 31.4 ± 2.3 |
| Femur trabecular thickness (um) | NS: 48 ± 2
DSI: 45 ± 2
NS + L: 47 ± 3
DSI + L: 50 ± 2 |
| BMD (mg/cc) | NS: 857 ± 17
DSI: 905 ± 32
NS + L: 844 ± 10
DSI + L: 821 ± 32 |
| BMC(mg) | NS: 14.5 ± 0.5
DSI: 16.9 ± 0.5
NS + L: 14.7 ± 0.3
DSI + L.:16.2 ± 0.8 |
|
| Scholz-Ahren et al. (2016) | Virgin female Fisher-344 rats 21-week age | 80 (n = 15–16 in each group) | 1. PRO : L. acidophilus NCC90
2. PRE: corn starch 2.5%
3. SYN : PRO + PRE | f 1–5 × 108 CFU
per 100 g | Sham
OVX | 16 weeks | Trabecular thickness (mm) | OVX: 0.020 ± 0.002
PRO: 0.020 ± 0.004
PRE: 0.020 ± 0.003
SYN: 0.021 ± 0.003 |
| U-Ca (mg/7 d) | OVX: 9.01
PRO: 8.70
PRE: 10.42
SYN: 10.82 |
| Ca-femur (mg) | OVX: 8.41
PRO: 8.64
PRE: 8.56
SYN: 8.78 |
| Ca-lumber vertebra (mg) | OVX: 41.14
PRO: 41.64
PRE: 43.35
SYN: 44.71 |
| U-P (mg/7 d) | OVX: 9.07
PRO: 8.93
PRE: 8.49
SYN: 8.34 |
| P-femur (mg) | OVX: 39.23
PRO: 40.25
PRE: 39.64
SYN: 4046 |
| P-lumber vertebra (mg) | OVX:19.38
PRO: 21.20
PRE: 21.12
SYN:21.56 |
| Bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) (U/L) | OVX: 154.61
PRO: 158.85
PRE: 137.12
SYN: 126.93 |
|
| Bayat et al. (2018) | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged = NM) | 65 (n = 13 in each group) | 1. Diabetic group (STZ): they were fed 1 ml/day of distilled water
2. Soy milk group (STZ + SM): diabetic rats were fed 1 ml/day of soy milk
3. Probiotic soy milk group (STZ + PSM): diabetic rats were fed 1 ml/day of probiotic soy milk
4. Omega-3 probiotic soy milk group (STZ + OPSM): diabetic rats were fed 1 ml/day of omega-3-enriched probiotic soy milk | Lactobacillus casei (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) | Nondiabetic group (control): they were fed 1 ml/day of distilled water | 2 months | Tibia weight (mg) | Ctrl: 405 ± 14
D: 229 ± 29
SM: 310 ± 75
PSM: 312 ± 70
OPSM: 334 ± 42 |
| Tibia volume (mm3) | Ctrl: 243 ± 18
D: 124 ± 20
SM: 178 ± 56
PSM: 179 ± 39
OPSM: 191 ± 30 |
| Tibia trabeculae volume (mm3) | Ctrl: 119 ± 23
D: 57 ± 31
SM: 72 ± 25
PSM: 80 ± 26
OPSM: 88 ± 13 |
| Vertebra weight (mg) | Ctrl: 318 ± 34
D: 239 ± 50
SM: 275 ± 31
PSM: 293 ± 29
OPSM: 311 ± 41 |
| Vertebra volume (mg) | Ctrl: 207 ± 42
D: 116 ± 22
SM: 154 ± 49
PSM: 155 ± 37
OPSM: 182 ± 37 |
| Vertebra trabeculae volume (mm3) | Ctrl:8 6 ± 23
D: 45 ± 10
SM: 50 ± 25
PSM: 56 ± 14
OPSM: 60 ± 17 |
|
| Blanton et al. (2018) | Male 8-month-old ND4 Swiss Webster retired breeder mice | 18 | 1–10% grape powder
2–20% grape powder
3–10% grape powder + 1% probiotic
4–20% grape powder + 1% probiotic
5-1% probiotic | Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. bulgaricus at a concentration of 1.0 × 1011 CFU/g | 20% sugar | 6 months | Tibia bone volume (%) | 10%G: 5.9 ± 3.7
20%G: 6.4 ± 3.3
10%G + 1%P: 6.1 ± 2.2
20%G + %P: 3.67 ± 1.8
1%P: 6.1 ± 1.8
Ctrl: 6.4 ± 2.7 |
| Tibia thickness (mm) | 10%G: 0.0392 ± 0.007
20%G: 0.042 ± 0.007
10%G + 1%P:0.038 ± 0.003
20%G + %P: 0.041 ± 0.006
1%P: 0.041 ± 0.004
Ctrl:0.035 ± 0.004 |
| Femur bone volume (%) | 10%G: 8.4 ± 3.4
20%G: 8.5 ± 3.8
10%G + 1%P: 7.6 ± 3.5
20%G + %P: 5.6 ± 1.7
1%P: 7.4 ± 2.6
Ctrl: 7.2 ± 3.7 |
| Femur thickness (mm) | 10%G: 0.050 ± 0.006
20%G: 0.046 ± 0.003
10%G + 1%P: 0.046 ± 0.002
20%G + %P: 0.044 ± 0.004
1%P: 0.048 ± 0.009
Ctrl: 0.044 ± 0.003 |
|
| Dar et al. (2018) | Female mice (BALB/c) of 8–10 weeks | 30 (n = 10 in each group) | Group B: OVX
Group C: OVX + LA | 200 μl (of 109 CFU/ml Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) ATCC 4356 | Group A: no probiotic + shamoperated | 6 weeks | BMD of LV5(mgHA/cm3) | Sham: 2.14 ± 0.07
OVX: 1.74 ± 0.20
OVX + LA: 2.8 ± 0.08 |
| BMD of femur trabecular (mgHA/cm3) | Sham: 3.23 ± 0.08
OVX: 1.77 ± 0.40
OVX + LA: 3.54 ± 0.24 |
| BMD of tibia trabecular (mgHA/cm3) | Sham: 3.62 ± 0.58
OVX: 2.77 ± 0.19
OVX + LA: 3.51 ± 0.24 |
| BMD of femur cortical (mgHA/cm3) | Sham: 0.91 ± 0.02
OVX: 1.02 ± 0.016
OVX + LA:1.12 ± 0.02 |
| BMD of tibia cortical (mgHA/cm3) | Sham: 0.99 ± 0.012
OVX: 1 ± 0.03
OVX + LA: 1.11 ± 0.03 |
| Bone volume of LV5 (%) | Sham: 23.5 ± 0.04
OVX: 16.53 ± 1.61
OVX + LA:21.83 ± 0.04 |
| Bone volume of femur trabecular (%) | Sham:30.71 ± 0.32
OVX:13.21 ± 3.21
OVX + LA: 25.41 ± 1.51 |
| Bone volume of tibia trabecular (%) | Sham: 26.67 ± 0.35
OVX: 20.11 ± 0.35
OVX + LA: 25.31 ± 0.24 |
| Thickness of LV5 (mm) | Sham: 1.65 ± 0.08
OVX: 0.64 ± 0.16
OVX + LA: 1.42 ± 0.07 |
| Thickness of femur trabecular (mm) | Sham: 1.73 ± 0.14
OVX: 0.74 ± 0.16
OVX + LA:1.45 ± 0.08 |
| Thickness of tibia trabecular (mm) | Sham: 1.88 ± 0.02
OVX: 1.10 ± 0.02
OVX + LA: 1.76 ± 0.03 |
|
| Eaimworawuthikul et al. (2018) | Six-week-old male Wistar rats | 48 (n = 6 in each group) | 1. High fat diet + vehicle (HFV)
2. High fat diet + probiotic (HFPO)
3. High fat diet + prebiotic (HFPE)
4. High fat diet + symbiotic (HFS) | Lactobacillus paracasei HII01
1 × 108 CFU/ml/day | 1. Normal diet + vehicle (NDV)
2. Normal diet + probiotic (NDPO)
3. Normal diet + prebiotic (NDPE)
4. Normal diet + symbiotic (NDS) | 24 weeks | Trabecular volumetric BMD (g/cm3) | NDV: 0.978
NDPO: 0.881
NDPE: 0.878
NDS: 0.872
HFV: 0.844
HFPO: 0.877
HFPE: 0.858
HFS: 0.835 |
| Bone volume (%) | NDV: 24.11
NDPO: 32.39
NDPE: 35.57
NDS: 34.56
HFV: 20.72
HFPO: 19.58
HFPE: 21.71
HFS: 22.14 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | NDV: 0.325
NDPO: 0.387
NDPE: 0.343
NDS: 0.399
HFV: 0.306
HFPO: 0.265
HFPE: 0.267
HFS: 0.327 |
|
| Montazeri-Najafabady et al. (2018) | Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (12–14 weeks old) | 49 (n = 7 in each group) | 1. OVX (normal diet)
2. OVX + Lactobacillus acidophilus
3. OVX + Lactobacillus Casei
4. OVX + Bacillus coagulans
5. OVX + Bifidobacterium
6. OVX + Lactobacillus reuteri | Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
Bifidobacterium
1.5 × 108 CFU/mL | Ctrl: normal diet | 4 weeks | 1,25 (OH) 2 D3 (Pmol/ml) | Ctrl: 19.86
OVX: 12.81
LBA: 14.48
LBC: 18.65
BCO: 16.14
BB: 15.40
LBR: 16.34 |
| P (mg/dl) | Ctrl: 6.48
OVX: 5.36
LBA: 4.13
LBC: 4.57
BCO: 4.49
BB: 5.11
LBR: 5.25 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | Ctrl: 10.06
OVX: 9.43
LBA: 9.77
LBC: 10.16
BCO: 9.43
BB: 9.77
LBR: 9.38 |
| ALP (IU/L) | Ctrl: 330.43
OVX: 512.76
LBA: 705.87
LBC: 743.05
BCO: 554.45
BB: 580.84
LBR: 690.63 |
| Global BMC (g) | Ctrl: 11.29
OVX: 9.09
LBA: 10.93
LBC: 10.69
BCO: 9.94
BB: 9.91
LBR: 10.17 |
| Femur BMC (g) | Ctrl: 0.600
OVX: 0.326
LBA: 0.603
LBC: 0.547
BCO: 0.574
BB: 0.569
LBR: 0.554 |
| Spine BMC (g) | Ctrl: 0.756
OVX: 0.717
LBA: 0.781
LBC: 0.762
BCO: 0.762
BB: 0.722
LBR: 0.745 |
| Tibia BMC (g) | Ctrl: 0.513
OVX: 0.288
LBA: 0.321
LBC: 0.500
BCO: 0.348
BB: 0.304
LBR: 0.287 |
|
| Parvaneh et al. (2018) | Mature Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 10 weeks, female | 24 (n = 8 in each group) | G2: OVX
G3: OVX + L. helveticus | Lactobacillus helveticus (ATCC 27558) 1 mL of 108–109 CFU of L. helveticus in phosphate buffer saline | G1: sham | 16 weeks | Bone volume (%) | Sham: 76 ± 6.30
OVX: 49 ± 5.7
OVX + L: 57 ± 6.6 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham: 7.6 ± 0.5
OVX: 5.3 ± 0.4
OVX + L: 5.8 ± 0.5 |
| BMD (g/cm3) | Sham: 1.07 ± 0.02
OVX: 0.76 ± 0.06
OVX + L: 0.91 ± 0.05 |
|
| Yan et al. (2018) | 1-day-old Ross 708 broiler chicks, both gender | 360 (n = 120 in each group) | 1. 0.5X: regular diet + 0.5 g/kg symbiotic
2. 1X: regular diet + 1 g/kg symbiotic | Enterococcus faecium,
Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactobacillus reuteri | Ctrl: regular diet | 40 days | Tibia BMD (g/cm3) | Ctrl: 0.209
0.5X: 0.216
1X: 0.226 |
| Tibia BMC (g) | Ctrl: 2.82
0.5X: 3.02
1X: 3.30 |
| Femur BMD (g/cm3) | Ctrl: 0.180
0.5X: 0.185
1X: 0.199 |
| Femur BMC (g) | Ctrl: 1.80
0.5X: 1.92
1X: 2.21 |
| Humerus BMD (g/cm3) | Ctrl: 0.215
0.5X: 0.214
1X: 0.234 |
| Humerus BMC (g) | Ctrl: 1.60
0.5X: 1.62
1X: 1.87 |
|
| Yan et al. (2018) | 56-week-old White Leghorn laying hens of the Hy-Line W-36 strain | 96 (n = 24 in each group) | 1-0.5X = 0.5 g/kg (0.5 × 106 CFU/g)
2-1X: 1 g/kg (1.0 × 2 × 106 CFU/g)
3-2X: 2 g/kg (2.0 × 4 × 106 CFU/g) | Enterococcus faecium,
Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactobacillus reuteri | Ctrl: regular diet | 7 weeks | Tibia BMD (g/cm2) | Ctrl: 0.1912
0.5X: 0.2018
1X: 0.1978
2X: 0.2034 |
| Femur BMD (g/cm2) | Ctrl: 0.1931
0.5X: 0.2048
1X: 0.2023
2X: 0.2100 |
| Humerus BMD (g/cm2) | Ctrl: 0.1069
0.5X: 0.1102
1X: 0.1124
2X: 0.1136 |
| Keel BMD (g/cm2) | Ctrl: 0.1109
0.5X: 0.1122
1X: 0.1164
2X: 0.1138 |
| Tibia BMC (g) | Ctrl: 2.25
0.5X: 2.35
1X: 2.35
2X: 2.36 |
| Femur BMC (g) | Ctrl: 1.71
0.5X: 1.83
1X: 1.83
2X:1.86 |
| Humerus BMC (g) | Ctrl: 1.04
0.5X: 1.07
1X: 1.10
2X: 1.15 |
| Keel BMC(g) | Ctrl: 0.69
0.5X: 0.71
1X: 0.73
2X: 0.72 |
| CTX (c-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) (ng/ml) | Ctrl:1.17
0.5X:0.97
1X: 1.05
2X: 0.99 |
|
| Achi et al. (2019) | Male Wistar rats, aged = NM | 48 (n = 8 in each group) | 1-B. breve NCIM 5671,
2-B. longum NCIM 5672,
3-B. bifidum NCIM 5697
4-arthritic
5-standard anti-inflammatory drug (piroxicam) | Bifidobacteria strains B. breve NCIM 5671,
B. longum NCIM 5672
B. bifidum NCIM 5697 | Ctrl: regular diet | 15 days | Ca-bone (mg/g) | B. breve: 182.94 ± 21.28
B. longum: 160.86 ± 18.71
B. bifidum: 163.20 ± 7.76
Arthritic: 139.15 ± 18.49
Piroxicam: 165.43 ± 14.02
Ctrl: 204.85 ± 4.15 |
| K-bone (mg/g) | B. breve: 3.013 ± 0.60
B. longum: 2.575 ± 0.68
B. bifidum: 2.839 ± 0.83
Arthritic: 2.007 ± 0.44
Piroxicam: 2.071 ± 0.77
Ctrl: 3.143 ± 0.56 |
|
| Collins et al. (2019) | Male mice (12 weeks of age) wild-type (C57BL/6) and Rag knockout (Rag1tm1Mm, C57BL/6 background) | 42 (n = 10–11 in each group) | 1-WT + LR
2-RK + LR | 3.3 × 108 CFU/ml of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | 1-WT
2-RK | 4 weeks | Femur trabecular bone volume (%) | WT: 2.28 ± 3.33
WT + LR: 44.45 ± 4.16
RK: 40.53 ± 2.23
RK + LR:46.05 ± 5.25 |
| Femur trabecular BMD (mg/ml) | WT: 243.5 ± 8.13
WT + LR: 282.5 ± 12.41
RK: 265.2 ± 6.27
RK + LR: 290.3 ± 18.44 |
| Femur trabecular BMC (mg) | WT: 0.46 ± 0.02
WT + LR: 0.52 ± 0.01
RK: 0.51 ± 0.01
RK + LR: 0.52 ± 0.02 |
| Femur trabecular thickness (mm) | WT: 0.04 ± 0.002
WT + LR: 0.06 ± 0.004
RK: 0.05 ± 0.002
RK + LR:0.07 ± 0.006 |
| Femur cortical BMD (mg/ml) | WT: 784.3 ± 13.43
WT + LR: 779.7 ± 7.17
RK: 784.1 ± 7.14
RK + LR: 800 ± 11.65 |
| Femur cortical BMC (mg) | WT: 0.01 ± 0.001
WT + LR: 0.02 ±
0.00
RK: 0.01 ± 0.00
RK + LR: 0.02 ± 0.00 |
|
| Lee et al. (2019) | Eight-week-old
female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats | 40 (n = 10 per group) | 1. Shamoperated (sham),
2 OVX 17-beta-estradioltreated (E2),
3. 500
mg/kg LABE-treated OVX (LAB) | Lactobacillus casei (LAB)
LAB extract (LABE) | OVX-control (OVX) | 8 weeks | Alp (U/L) | Sham: 112.53
OVX: 161.00
E2: 62.95
LABE: 75.21 |
| Ca (uM) | Sham: 44.06
OVX: 17.28
E2: 39.98
LABE: 22.78 |
| BMD (%) | Sham: 71.14
OVX: 42.62
E2: 54.42
LABE: 52.13 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham: 16.83
OVX: 4.28
E2: 8.50
LABE: 7.45 |
| Bone trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham: 0.105
OVX: 0.096
E2: 0.111
LABE: 0.114 |
|
| Levi et al. (2019) | Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), aged = NM | 40 (n = 10 per group) | Group PROB (control + probiotic);
group CSI (cigarette smoke inhalation)
group CSI + PROB (CSI + probiotic) | Lactobacillus acidophilus (1 × 109 CFU/kg) Enterococcus faecium (2.1 × 109 CFU/kg)
Bacillus subtilis (2.9 × 109 CFU/kg)
Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU/kg) | Group ctrl (control, without CSI and probiotic) | 6 months | BMD (%) | Ctrl: 0.780
PROB: 0.901
CSI: 0.478
CSI + PROB: 0.713 |
| Bone mineral volume (%) | Ctrl: 79.74
PROB: 80.10
CSI: 72.10
CSI + PROB: 74.56 |
|
| Liu et al. (2019) | Six-week-old male C57BL6/J mice | | 1. Sham group: normal saline;
2. LGG group: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (43 mg/kg) and LGG | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
(5 × 108 CFU, ATCC) | 1. TDF group (negative control):
2. ZOL (zoledronate) group (positive control) | 8 weeks | Ca (mmol/L) | Sham: 2.02
LGG: 1.98
TDF: 1.97
ZOL: 1.87 |
| P (mmol/L) | Sham: 2.93
LGG: 3.36
TDF: 3.04
ZOL: 3.18 |
Mandibular BMD (mg/cm3)
| Sham: 1219
LGG: 1177
TDF: 1011
ZOL: 1286 |
| Mandibular BMC (mg) | Sham: 1.23
LGG: 1.16
TDF: 0.72
ZOL: 1.30 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham: 58.85
LGG: 57.66
TDF: 44.92
ZOL: 64.18 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham: 0.063
LGG: 0.064
TDF: 0.048
ZOL: 0.074 |
|
| Liu et al. (2019) | Mice aged 6 weeks and male (C57BL6/J) | 5 group (n = 10–12) | (a) Sham group: normal saline (NS)
(b) LGG + TDF group: 0.86 mg TDF (43 mg/kg body weight) + 5 × 108 CFU LGG
(c) E. coli + TDF group: TDF (43 mg/kg body weight) + 5 × 108 CFU E. coli | LGG (accession number 53103)
Escherichia coli (accession number 25922) | (d) TDF group: TDF (43 mg/kg body weight) (negative control). (e) ZOL + TDF group: TDF (43 mg/kg body weight) + ZOL (100 μg/kg as a positive control) | 8 weeks | Femur BMD (mg/cm3) | Sham: 544.172 ± 46.588
LGG + TDF: 565.929 ± 57.65
E. coli + TDF: 415.57 ± 18.319
TDF: 421.582 ± 14.481
ZOL + TDF: 1231.783 ± 124.543 |
| Femur BMC (mg) | Sham: 0.739 ± 0.132
LGG + TDF: 0.868 ± 0.169
E. coli + TDF: 0.551 ± 0.555
TDF: 0.623 ± 0.056
ZOL + TDF: 2.387 ± 0.324 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham: 25.407 ± 3.821
LGG + TDF: 27.872 ± 0.671
E. coli + TDF: 16.757 ± 2.158
TDF: 16.223 ± 0.822
ZOL + TDF: 94.028 ± 2.278 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham: 0.045 ± 0.01
LGG + TDF: 0.044 ± 0.003
E. coli + TDF: 0.038 ± 0.003
TDF: 0.039 ± 0.001
ZOL + TDF: 0.194 ± 0.017 |
|
| Schepper et al. (2019) | Eleven-week-old male BALB/c mice | 88 (n = 10–18 per group) | 1. ABX: antibiotic-treated (ampicillin 1.0 g/L and neomycin 0.5 g/L)
2. ABX + LR
3. ABX + LGG
4. ABX + EC
5. ABX + MDY (high-molecular-weight polymer) | 300 mL of L. reuteri 6475 (LR), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG),
nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (EC; ATCC O6 : B1)
(1 × 109 CFU/mL) | Ctrl: normal diet | 4 week | BMD (mg/cc) | Ctrl: 1019 ± 24.34
ABX: 1024 ± 18.5
ABX + LR: 1045 ± 39.05
ABX + LGG: 1044 ± 55.7
ABX + EC: 1043 ± 27.23
ABX + MDY: 1021 ±
27.02 |
| BMC (mg) | Ctrl: 0.022 ± 0.001
ABX: 0.021 ± 0.0005
ABX + LR: 0.022 ± 0.001
ABX + LGG: 0.022 ± 0.001
ABX + EC: 0.023 ± 0.0007
ABX + MDY: 0.021 ± 0.001 |
| Cortical thickness (mm) | Ctrl: 0.29 ± 0.01
ABX: 0.28 ± 0.003
ABX + LR: 0.29 ± 0.003
ABX + LGG: 0.29 ± 0.003
ABX + EC: 0.28 ± 0.005
ABX + MDY: 0.28 ± 0.005 |
|
| Lawenius et al. (2019) | Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6 mice | (n = 8–12/group | Sham + pAkk
OVX + pAkk | Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (pAkk) (2 × 108 CFU/150 µl) | Sham + Veh
OVX + Veh | 4 week | Femur length (mm) | Sham + Veh: 15.37 ± 0.15
Sham + pAkk: 15.19 ± 0.07
OVX + Veh: 15.61 ± 0.08
OVX + pAkk: 15.27 ± 0.13 |
| Femur cortical thickness (mm) | Sham + Veh:0.197 ± 0.002
Sham + pAkk:0.192 ± 0.002
OVX + Veh: 0.186 ± 0.003
OVX + pAkk: 0.184 ± 0.002 |
| Vertebra length (mm) | Sham + Veh: 3.02 ± 0.02
Sham + pAkk: 3.04 ± 0.02
OVX + Veh: 3.06 ± 0.01
OVX + pAkk: 3.06 ± 0.01 |
| Vertebra cortical thickness (mm) | Sham + Veh: 0.065 ± 0.001
Sham + pAkk: 0.060 ± 0.002
OVX + Veh: 0.056 ± 0.001
OVX + pAkk: 0.056 ± 0.001 |
| 25 (OH) D3 (ng/ml) | Sham + Veh: 41.7 ± 1.2
Sham + pAkk: 38.1 ±
2.8
OVX + Veh: 44.5 ± 1.3
OVX + pAkk: 42.9 ± 1.0 |
| OC (ng/ml) | Sham + Veh: 96.8 ± 3.8
Sham + pAkk: 104.1 ±
8.6
OVX + Veh: 116.3 ± 8.8
OVX + pAkk: 119.4 ± 7.3 |
| BMD (mg/cm2) | Sham + Veh: 77.62
Sham + pAkk: 70.54
OVX + Veh: 70.24
OVX + pAkk: 67.98 |
| Bone volume (%) | Sham + Veh: 15.63
Sham + pAkk: 14.34
OVX + Veh: 14.03
OVX + pAkk: 13.50 |
| Trabecular thickness (mm) | Sham + Veh: 0.0478
Sham + pAkk: 0.0442
OVX + Veh: 0.459
OVX + pAkk: 0.0436 |
| PTH (pg/ml) | Sham + Veh: 276
Sham + pAkk: 235
OVX + Veh: 506
OVX + pAkk: 330 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | Sham + Veh: 9.24
Sham + pAkk: 9.44
OVX + Veh: 9.16
OVX + pAkk: 9.33 |
| U–Ca | Sham + Veh: 0.237
Sham + pAkk: 0.484
OVX + Veh: 0.169
OVX + pAkk: 0.230 |
|
| Kim et al. (2019) | Female C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old for GV-induced BV
and 11 weeks old for ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis) | 56 (n = 8 in each group) | 1. SH: vehicle (1% maltose)
2. OVX: vehicle (1% maltose)
3. OLP: 1 × 109 CFU LP
4. OBL: 1 × 109 CFU BL
5. OMX: 1 × 109 CFU LP + BL
6. OCP: 1 mg/kg beta-estradiol | 1 × 109 CFU
Lactobacillus plantarum NK3 and Bifidobacterium longum NK49 | Ctrl: vehicle (1% maltose) | 2 weeks (6 days per week) | Femur weight (g) | Ctrl: 0.178
SH: 0.173
OVX: 0.130
OLP: 0.171
OBL: 0.176
OMX: 0.177
OCP: 0.175 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | Ctrl: 0.280
SH: 0.288
OVX: 0.178
OLP: 0.269
OBL: 0.304
OMX: 0.258
OCP: 0.285 |
| P (mmol/L) | Ctrl: 0.871
SH: 0.920
OVX: 0.681
OLP: 0.861
OBL: 0.862
OMX: 0.945
OCP: 0.836 |
| OC (pg/ml) | Ctrl: 0.448
SH: 0.472
OVX: 0.059
OLP: 0.469
OBL: 0.441
OMX: 0.570
OCP: 0.609 |
|
