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Author (year) | Country | Study design | Population sex and age (y) | Sample size (n) | Intervention group (strain of probiotics) | Probiotic dose | Control group | Duration | Outcome | Results mean ± SD (Int vs. ctrl) | Quality score |
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Narva et al. (2004) | Finland | Randomized double-blind crossover study | Postmenopausal women 50 to 78 y (65 y) | 20 | Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16H bacteria/milk fermented 14.5 g/100 g IPP &VPP | Portion size 220 ml | Normal sour milk fermented with a Lactococcus sp. mixed culture (420 ml) | 1 day Int 6 day washout 1 day Int | Ca (mmol/l) | 0.09 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02 (↑) | H |
P (mmol/l) | −0.09 ± 0.02 vs. −0.09 ± 0.02 |
iCa (mmol/l) | 0.03 ± 0.005 vs. 0.03 ± 0.004 |
PTH (ng/l) | −20.8 ± 5.3 vs. −15.4 ± 6.4 (↓) |
ICTP (ug/l) | −1.09 ± 0.28 vs. −1.15 ± 0.20 |
U-Ca (mmol/l) | 0.19 ± 0.5 vs. 0.17 ± 0.5 |
Orange juice + peptide fraction from L. helveticus fermented milk whey with the same amount of IPP and VPP as in the first product | 400 ml | Orange juice + calcium lactate gluconate (220 ml) | 1 day Int 6 day washout 1 day Int | Ca (mmol/l) | 0.10 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 (↓) |
P (mmol/l) | −0.12 ± 0.02 vs. −0.11 ± 0.01 |
iCa (mmol/l) | 0.005 ± 0.004 vs. 0.026 ± 0.005 |
PTH (ng/l) | −13.0 ± 4.7 vs. −23.7 ± 5.9 (↑) |
ICTP (ug/l) | −1.10 ± 0.10 vs. −1.08 ± 0.18 |
U-Ca (mmol/l) | 0.15 ± 0.04 vs. 0.21 ± 0.07 (↓) |
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Jones et al. (2013) | Canada | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-arm study | Hypercholesterolemic adults 34–64 y (50 y)/both gender | 127 (61 Pbo) (66 Int) | Capsule supplement/Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 | 2 capsules (130 mg L. reuteri (2.9 × 109) + 170 mg MD) | 300 mg MD | 13 week | Ca (umol/l) | −0.01 ± 0.001 vs. 0.01 ± 0.02 | H |
P (umol/l) | −0.03 ± 0.001 vs. −0.01 ± 0.04 |
25 (OH) D (nmol/L) | 14.73 ± 13.38 vs. −3.19 ± 5.63 (↑) |
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Jafarnejad et al. (2017) | Iran | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | Women with osteopenia 50–72 y (58 y) | 41 (20 Int) (21 Pbo) | Multispecies probiotic capsules (GeriLact) (7 bacteria species: Lactobacillus casei 1.3 × 1010, Bifidobacterium longum 5 × 1010, Lactobacillus acidophilus 1.5 × 1010, Lactobacillus rhamnosus 3.5 × 109, Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2.5 × 108, Bifidobacterium breve 1 × 1010, and Streptococcus thermophilus 1.5 × 108) | 1 capsule 500 mg | Placebo capsule 500 mg of corn starch | 6 months | Spinal BMD (g/cm2) | 0.001 ± 0.01 vs. 0.002 ± 0.01 | H |
Total hip BMD (g/cm2) | −0.015 ± 0.01 vs. −0.016 ± 0.02 |
BALP (U/L) | −3.12 ± 0.76 vs. 0.82 ± 0.06 (↓) |
OC (ng/ml) | −0.16 ± 0.07 vs. −1.62 ± 0.2 |
CTX (ng/ml) | −0.06 ± 0.001 vs. −0.03 ± 0.001 (↓) |
PTH (pg/ml) | −2.87 ± 0.14 vs. 2.16 ± 0.28 (↓) |
ALP (U/L) | 7.4 ± 0.7 vs. 7.5 ± 0.4 |
Ca (mg/dl) | 0.75 ± 0.12 vs. −0.52 ± 0.04 |
P (mg/dl) | 0.29 ± 0.04 vs. 0.05 ± 0.001 |
25 (OH) D (ng/ml) | 28.20 ± 0.97 vs. 29.08 ± 1 |
U-Ca (mg/dl) | 14.5 ± 0.5 vs. 3.8 ± 0.3 |
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Lambert et al. (2017) | Denmark | Double-blind, parallel design, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial | Postmenopausal osteopenic women 59–64 y (61 y) | 78 (38 Int) (40 Pbo) | 60 mg isoflavone aglycones and acid lactic probiotics, cold fermentation | 2 Sachet 95 ml (RCE extract + probiotic) | 2 Sachet 95 ml (water + food color) | 12 month | CTX (ng/ml) | −0.05 ± 0.13 vs. 0.03 ± 0.16 (↓) | H |
P1NP (ng/ml) | 1.56 ± 0.53 vs. 0.7 ± 0.56 |
OC (ng/ml) | −0.03 ± 0.29 vs. 0.69 ± 0.22 |
BMD changes L2–L4 (g/cm2) | −0.0085 (−0.017, 0.00006) vs. −0.022 (−20.032, 20.012) (↓) |
BMD changes FN (g/cm2) | −0.008 (−0.015, 0.00003) vs. −0.022 (−0.03, −0.15) (↓) |
BMD changes troch (g/cm2) | −0.004 (−0.01,0.004) vs. −0.017 (−0.025, −0.008) (↓) |
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Takimoto et al. (2018) | Japan | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial | Healthy women 50-69 y (57 y) | 61 (31 Int, 30 Pbo) | Tables contain soybean oil residue (0.34 mg) + Bacillus subtilis C-3102 | 0.19 g (3.4 × 109) | 0.19 g | 26 weeks | BMD changes L2–L4 (g/cm2) | 0.18 ± 0.50 vs. −0.68 ± 0.63 | H |
BMD changes total hip (g/cm2) | 2.53 ± 0.52 vs. 0.83 ± 0.35 (↑) |
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Nilsson et al. (2018) | Sweden | Double-blind, placebo-controlled study | Women 75–80 y (76 y) | 90 (45 Int, 45 Pbo) | Capsules contain Lactobacillus reuteri ATCCPTA 6475 + MD | 2 capsules 5 × 109 | MD | 12 months | Tibia total vBMD changes | −0.83 (−1.47, −0.19) vs. −1.85 (−2.64, −1.07) (↓) | H |
BMD changes L2–L4 (g/cm2) | 0.78 (−0.54, 2.10) vs. 0.08 (−1.02, 1.19) |
BMD changes total hip (g/cm2) | −0.13 (−1.33, 1.07) vs. −0.90 (−2.07, 0.27) |
BAP (U/L) | −4.83 (−13.8, 13.1) vs. 5.43 (−12.8, 22.0) |
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Sergeev et al. (2020) | The USA | Placebo-controlled clinical trial | Overweight and obese adults 31–62 y (47 y)/both gender | 20 (10 Int, 10 Pbo) | Capsule (Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS‐1, Bifidobacterium lactis UABla‐12, Bifidobacterium longum UABl‐14, and Bifidobacterium bifidum UABb‐10) + a trans‐galactooligosaccharide (GOS) | 69 mg (15 × 109) 5.5 g | Placebo capsule | 3 month | BMC changes (kg) | 0.75 ± 0.05 vs. 0.16 ± 0.01 | L |
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