Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR)

Table 1

Mechanism of action and antibiotics affected by common MDR bacteria.

MDR type	WHO priority category	Mechanism of resistance	ABs class	Reference
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Critical	Efflux pump (MexAB-OprM)	β-Lactams and penem groups of ABs	[60]
		Enzyme inactivation (β-lactamase)
		Alteration of membrane permeability
Acinetobacter baumannii	Critical	Enzyme inactivation (aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme)	β-LactamsAminoglycosides	[61]
		Efflux pump
		Change membrane permeability
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Medium	Alteration of target site	3^rd generation cephalosporins β-Lactams Carbapenem	[62]
		Enzyme inactivation (β-lactamase)
		Efflux pump
		Alteration of membrane permeability
MRSA, VRSA, VISA	High	Binding site alteration Mutation in genes involved in cell wall synthesisEfflux pump (NorA)	Methicillin	[7]
			Oxacillin
			Vancomycin
			Penicillin
			Cephalosporins
			Carbapenem
VRE	High	Alteration of target site	Most ABs	[63]
			Vancomycin
			Daptomycin
			Linezolid
CRE	Critical	Enzyme inactivation(β-lactamase and carbapenemase)	β-Lactams	[64]
			Most ABs
			Carbapenem
Escherichia coli	Critical	Efflux pump (AcrAB-TolC)	Trimethoprim, amoxicillin, gentamycin, tetracycline	[65]
Helicobacter pylori	High	Mutation in the domain V of 23S rRNA gene of the bacteria	Clarithromycin	[46]

MRSA: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, VRSA: vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, VISA: vancomycin intermediate staphylococcus aureus, VRE: vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and CRE: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.