|
Plant | Part | Active compound | Mechanism of action | Active against | Findings | Reference |
|
Alkanna tinctoria | Leaves | Alkaloids | | MRSA, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii | MIC well diffusion methodMBC model | [73] |
Flavonoids |
Carbohydrates |
|
Rhazya stricta Decne. | Leaves | Alkaloids | Cell membrane disruption | MRSA, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, VRE | TEM analysis | [74] |
|
Holarrhena antidysenterica | | Conessine alkaloid | Efflux pump inhibition | P. aeruginosa | MIC model | [75] |
NPN uptake assay |
Active against RND family |
|
Allium sativum L. (garlic) | Fruit | Allicin (sulfur-containing compound) | | P. aeroginosa | MIC and MBC models | [76] |
In vivo |
|
Oxalis corniculata | Leaves | | | MDR Salmonella typhi | MIC and MBC well diffusion methods | [18] |
K. pneumoniae |
|
Coula edulis Baill. | Fruit | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin | Efflux pump inhibition | E. coli | MIC and MBC models | [77] |
Cardiac glycosides | K. pneumoniae |
|
Mangifera indica L. | Bark | Carotenoid | Efflux pump inhibition | P. aeruginosa | MIC and MBC models | [77] |
Tannin |
Catechin |
Polyphenol |
|
Citrus sinensis | Peel | Polyphenol | Efflux pump inhibition | E. coli | MIC and MBC models | [77] |
Catechin |
Carbohydrates |
|
Moringa oleifera Lam. | Leaves | Alkaloids, | | P. aeruginosaKlebsiella spp.E. coli | MIC and MBC models | [78] |
Polyphenols | |
Flavonoids | |
Anthraquinones | |
Coumarin | |
Tannin, saponin | |
Terpenes, sterols | |
|
Matricaria recutita L. | Flowers | | | P. aeruginosa | MIC and MBC model | [78] |
| | Klebsiella spp. |
| | E. coli |
|
Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. | Bulb extract | | | S. aureusShigella boydii | MIC and MBC model | [79] |
| | Time kill study |
| | TLC-bioautography |
|
Zanthoxylum alatum | Leaves, stem | Fenchol, linalool | | E. coliK. pneumoniae | In vitro model | [80] |
| MIC |
|
Cinnamomum tamala | Leaves | Cinnamaldehyde | | MDR-H. pylori | In vitro model | [80] |
|
Ocimum sanctum L. | Leaves | | | S. aureus-resistant strains | In vitro model | [80] |
| | MIC |
|
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | Fruit | | | E. faecium | MIC | [81] |
| | S. aureus | Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay |
| | K. pneumoniae | δ-Toxin inhibition |
| | A. baumannii | Mammalian cytotoxicity study |
| | P. aeruginosa | |
|
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Whole plant | | | E. faecium | MIC | [82] |
| | S. aureus | Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay |
| | K. pneumoniae | δ-Toxin inhibition |
| | A. baumannii | Mammalian cytotoxicity study |
| | P. aeruginosa | |
|
Artemisia absinthium L. | Aerial parts | | | E. faecium | MIC | [82] |
| | S. aureus | Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay |
| | K. pneumoniae | δ-Toxin inhibition |
| | A. baumannii | Mammalian cytotoxicity study |
| | P. aeruginosa | |
|
Martynia annua L. | Fruit | | | E. faecium | MIC | [82] |
| | S. aureus | Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay |
| | K. pneumoniae | δ-Toxin inhibition |
| | A. baumannii | Mammalian cytotoxicity study |
| | P. aeruginosa | |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Whole plant | | | MRSA | MIC and MBC models | [82] |
| | Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa |
| | MDR- salmonella typhi |
|
Ocimum basilicum L. | | Phytol, cadinene | | A. baumannii | MIC using broth microdilution technique | [83] |
| E. coli |
|
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews. | | Phytol, camphor, verbenone | | A. baumannii | MIC using broth microdilution technique | [83] |
| | K. pneumoniae |
| | E. coli |
| | P. aeruginosa |
|
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | | Phytol, camphor, verbenone | | A. baumannii | MIC using broth microdilution technique | [83] |
| | K. pneumoniae |
|
Myrtus communis L. | Seeds | Gallic acid | | S. aureus | MIC model | [60] |
Ellagic acid | | P. aeruginosa |
Flavonoids | | E. coli |
Fatty acid, tannin | | S. enteric |
|
Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Leaves | Polyphenol | | S. aureus | MIC model | [60] |
| P. aeruginosa |
| E. coli |
| S. enteric |
|
Syzygium legatii Burtt Davy & Greenway. | Leaves | | | E. coli | MICIn vitro toxicity study using Caco-2 cells | [84] |
| |
Eugenia zeyheri (Harv.) Harv. | | |
|
Peganum harmala L. | Seeds | Alkaloids | | MRSA | MICMTT assay using HEK-293 cells | [85] |
Harman, harmine | |
Harmaline, harmalol | |
|
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Fruit & leaves | Alkaloids, saponin | | P. aeruginosa | MIC model | [86] |
Tannin, flavonoids | |
Phenols, coumarin, terpenes | |
|
Ficus sycomorus L. | Leaves | Flavonoids | | A. baumannii | MIC and MBC models | [87] |
Phenols | | Resistant S. aureus |
Syzigium cumini | Leaves | Alkaloids | | MRSAE. coli | MIC and MBC models | [88] |
Flavonoids | |
Terpenoids | |
|
Punica granatum L. | Peel | Ellagic tannin | | P. aeruginosa | MIC and MBC models | [89] |
Ellagic acid | |
Gallic acid | |
|
Camellia sinensis (green tea) | Leaves | | | MRSA | MIC model | [90] |
|
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. | Arial part | | | VRE | MIC model | [90] |
|
Croton macrostachyus hochst. ex Delile. | Leaves | Triterpenes | | MRSA | MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method | [91] |
Sterols, polyphenols | |
Saponins | |
|
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. | Leaves | Alkaloids, triterpenes | | MRSA | MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method | [91] |
Sterols, flavonoids | |
Polyphenols | |
|
Paullinia pinnata L. | Leaves | Triterpenes | | MRSA | MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method | [91] |
Sterols, polyphenols | |
Saponins | |
|
Anacardium occidentale L. | Leaves | Alkaloids, saponin | | E. coliK. pneumoniae | MIC agar well diffusion method | [92] |
Flavonoids, tannin | |
Phenol anthocyanin | |
|
Thymbra spicata L. | Arial parts | Carvacrol, thymol | | E. coli | MIC and MBC microdilution method | [93] |
Camphor | |
|
Lawsonia inermis (henna) | Leaves | Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, anthraquinones | | MRSA ATCC43300 | MIC and MBC (agar well diffusion and colorimetric microdilution methods) | [94] |
| K. pneumoniae |
| ATCC700603 |
| P. aeruginosa ATCC37853 |
|
Azadirachta indica (neem) | Leaves | Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids | | MRSA ATCC43300 | MIC and MBC (agar well diffusion and colorimetric microdilution methods) | [94] |
| K. pneumoniae |
| ATCC700603 |
| P. aeruginosa ATCC37853 |
|
Piper betle Linn. | Leaves | | | P. aeruginosa TISTR1287 | Agar-disc diffusion method | [95] |
| | Broth dilution assay (MIC and MBC) |
|
Cistus salviifolius | | Hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids (myricetin and quercetin) | | MRSA | Disc-dilution method, microdilution method | [96] |
|
Punica granatum | | Hydrolysable tannins (punicalin and punicalagin) | | MRSA | Disc-dilution method, microdilution method | [96] |
|
Platanus hybrida | Fruits | Phenolic compounds | | E. faecium, E. faecalisP. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae | Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method | [97] |
|
Syzygium aromaticum | Flower buds | | | K. pneumoniaeS. aureus | Disc-diffusion method (MIC and MBC), scanning electron microscopy, DNA apoptosis | [98] |
|
Acacia nilotica | Seeds | | | S. aureus | Disc-diffusion method (MIC and MBC), scanning electron microscopy, DNA apoptosis | [98] |
|