|
Author, year | Postmarketing Chinese patent formulas | Experimental models | HFD feeding time | Drug intervention time | Outcome measures | Effects and mechanisms |
|
Zhou et al. 2019 [19] | Danhong injection | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 12 weeks | 6 weeks | TG↓ HDL-C↑ LDL-C↓; APA↓ AI↓; NEFA↓ FBG↓ FINS↓ IR↓; GLUT-4↑ p-IRS-1↑ p-AKT↑ | Attenuating AS and macrophage lipid accumulation by promoting the activation of PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway. |
Zhai et al. 2019 [20] | Zhixiong capsule | HFD male Japanese rabbits with the silastic collar implantation around the right carotid artery | 12 days | 12 days | TC↓ HDL-C↑ TC/HDL-C ratio↓ log(TG/HDL-C)↓; IL-4↑; APA↓ IA↓ IA/MA↓ | Preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation and intimal thickening. |
Ma et al. 2019 [21] | Longshengzhi capsule | HFD female apoE−/− mice | 18 weeks | 10 weeks | Artery sections: APA↓; MOMA-2↓; NCA↓ CPA↑ FCA↑ SMC↑; TUNEL↓; ABCA1↑ ABCG1↑. Liver sections: lipid droplets↓ liver TG↓; FA oxidation↑ FA synthesis↓ SREBP1↓; SREBP2↓ LDLR↑ HMGCS↓; DGAT1↓ ATGL↑ MTTP↓ APOC2↑; CCR2↓ IL-6↓ MCP-1↓ TNF-α↓; CD68↓ MOMA-2↓. Serum TNF-α↓ | Reducing AS by reducing macrophage/foam cell accumulation, maintaining the integrity of arterial wall, ameliorating hepatic lipid metabolism, and inhibiting inflammation. |
Ma et al. 2019 [22] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | APA↓; CPA↑ SMC↑ staining of lipids and macrophages↓; IL-6↓, MMP-2↓, and TNF-α↓ | Inhibiting AS development and stabilizing plaque. |
Lu et al. 2019 [23] | Shexiang Baoxin pill | HFD apoE−/− mice | 20 weeks | 20 weeks | APA↓; SOD↑ CAT↑ GSH↑ MDA↓ H2O2↓ MPO↓; MCP-1↓ IFN-γ↓ IL-17A↓ IL-10↑ TGF-β1↑; VCAM-1↓ ICAM-1↓ IL-6↓ IL-2↓; macrophages↓ ABCA1↑ ABCG1↑; p38↓ JNK↓ Mfn2↑ NF-κB↓ SR-A↓ LOX-1↓ LXRα↑ | Exerting antiatherosclerotic effects via improving inflammation response and inhibiting lipid accumulation. |
Hao et al. 2019 [24] | Danlou tablet | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 20 weeks | 12 weeks | APA↓; LO↓; lipid content in artery↓ HDL-C↑ ox-LDL↓; IL-1β↓, IL-10↓, MCP-1↓, IL-18 ↓, IL-33↓; PPARα↑, PGC-1α↑, ABCA1↑, P-IKKα/β↓, P-IκBα↓, and P-NF-κBp65↓ | Preventing AS via suppressing NF-κB signaling and triggering the PPARα/ABCA1 signaling pathway. |
Chai et al. 2019 [25] | Angong Niuhuang pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | Aorta: MCP-1↓ MCP-2↓ MCP-3↓ CCR2↓ CXCR3↓; ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓; IL-6↓ TGF-β1↑ IL-17↓; Treg cell↑; Th17/Treg cell↓. Spleen: IL-6↓ TGF-β1↑ | Ameliorating the development of early AS by reducing splenic and vascular inflammation. |
Zhou et al. 2018 [26] | Longxuetongluo capsule | HFD male SD rats | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | TC↓ HDL-C↑ LDL-C↓ TG↓; serum ALT↓ AST↓ serum MCP-1↓ ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓. Histological sections of liver and aorta↓; aortic histological sections: NF-κB↓ | Preventing AS and fatty liver by controlling lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation activity. |
Yin et al. 2018 [27] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male and female New Zealand rabbits with the silicone tube encapsulation of left carotid artery | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; serum MDA↓, SOD↑, and T-AOC↑; VEGF-A↓ VEGF-R2↓; nuclear NF-κB↓ TNF-α↓ IL-6↓; nuclear Nrf2↑ NQO1↑ | Reducing carotid adventitial VV angiogenesis and alleviating early AS lesions by inhibiting carotid inflammation and oxidative stress injury. |
Yan et al. 2018 [28] | Longhu Rendan | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | TC↓ LDL-C↓ TG↓; APA↓; LOX-1↓ | Ameliorating AS via reducing serum lipid and LOX-1 expression. |
Wang et al. 2018 [29] | Naoxintong pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | Plaque foam cell content↓ | Reducing foam cell accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. |
Qu et al. 2018 [30] | Di'ao Xinxuekang capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 18 weeks | 18 weeks | TC↓ HDL-C↑ LDL-C↓ TG↓; APA↓. Liver sections: lipid accumulation↓; PCSK9↓; liver LDLR↑ serum PCSK9↓ | Alleviating lipid disorder and ameliorating AS with downregulation of the PCSK9. |
Chen et al. 2018 [31] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice with silastic collar implantation | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | TUNEL↓ Lc3b dots↑; APA↓; vulnerable index↓ macrophage apoptosis↓ | Improving autophagy via Beclin-1. |
Yang et al. 2017 [32] | Naoxintong capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 18 weeks | 8 weeks | APA↓ LO↓; HDL-C↑; CPA↑ SMC↑ MPO↑ CD68↓ calcification events↓ fibrous cap thickness↑. Liver sections: SREBP1↑ and SREBP2↑; ATGL↑ and LDLR↑; liver TG↓; DGAT1↓ CGI-58↑; ATGL↑ pi-AMPKa↑ | Inhibiting AS development, stabilizing plaque, and reducing hepatic triglyceride levels. |
Shen et al. 2017 [33] | Xuezhikang | Female apoE−/− mice combined partial ligation of the left common carotid artery and left renal artery | 0 | 8 weeks | APA↓; CD68↓ α-SMA↑ CPA↑ vulnerable phenotype↓; p-PERK↓ p-IRE1α↓ p-eIF2α↓ and BiP↓ CHOP↓ DHE staining↓; NCA↓ TUNEL↓ caspase-3↓; TNF-α↓ MMP-8↓ MMP-13↓ | Suppressing vulnerable plaque progression and rupture by mitigating lesional endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibiting apoptosis and the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway. |
Peng et al. 2017 [34] | Qishenyiqi pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | APA↓ LDL-C↓ liver weight/body weight↓. Liver sections: LXRα↑ ABCG5↑. Aorta sections: CD36↓ Foxp3↑ IL-17A↓. Spleen sections: Foxp3↓ IL-17A↓ Smad2/3↓ IL-6↓ RORγ↓ | Promoting regulatory T cells in atherosclerotic lesion, inhibiting T helper 17 cells in plaque and spleen, and accelerating liver cholesterol excretion. |
Fu et al. 2017 [35] | Angong Niuhuang pill | HFD male SD rats with vitamin D3 injection | 17 weeks | 9 weeks | APA↓ IT↓ MT↓, the maximum platelet aggregation rates↓; serum TC↓ LDL-C↓ TC/HDL-C↓ LDL-C/HDL-C↓; MDA↓ hs-CRP↓ LDH↓ cTnI↓; myocardial fibers↓; Bax protein↓ Bcl-2↑ | Reducing AS due to its antiplatelet aggregation, lipid regulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. |
Dong et al. 2017 [36] | Di’ao Xinxuekang capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | TC↓ LDL-C↓; APA↓. Aorta sections: ABCA1↑ and ABCG1↑. Liver and intestines: ABCA1↑ ApoA-I↑ PPARγ↑ LXRα↑. Liver sections: SR-B1↑ preB1-HDL↓ HDL3↓ HDL2↑. Serum LCAT↑ | Regulating RCT by improving HDL synthesis, maturation, and catabolism. |
Zhu et al. 2016 [37] | Ginkgo biloba tablet | HFD male Wistar rats with vitamin D3 injection and balloon injury in aorta. | 60 days | 60 days | Blood glucose and calcium↓; TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; LO↓ IT↓; SR-A↓; CRP↓ ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓ | Alleviating AS lesions by inhibiting inflammation and controlling lipid. |
Zheng et al. 2016 [38] | Longxuetongluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 6 weeks | 6 weeks | APA↓ | Reducing plaques. |
Yang et al. 2016 [39] | Naoxintong capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 18 weeks | 8 weeks | APA↓ CPA↑ SMC↑ calcification events↓ fibrous cap thickness↑ MOMA-2 protein↓ MMP-2↓ and TNF-α↓ SM22α↑ | Reducing advanced AS and enhancing the plaque stability. |
Miao et al. 2016 [40] | Danlou tablet/Xuefu Zhuyu granule | HFD male Wistar rats with vitamin D3 injection | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | Danlou group: IT↓ TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓ PDGF↓ ERK1/2↓ pERK1/2↓. Xuefu Zhuyu group: IT↓ TC↓ PDGF↓ ERK1/2↓ pERK1/2↓ | Reducing serum lipids, increasing PDGF, and inhibiting ERK signal pathway activation and VSMC proliferation. |
Ma et al. 2016 [41] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 5 weeks | 5 weeks | VEGF-A↓ ANGPT-1↑; microvessels sprouting↓ VV number in plaques↓; APA↓; CPA↑ SMC↑ MOMA-2↓ FCT↑ | Inhibiting early AS through regulating angiogenic factor expression and inhibiting VV proliferation in atherosclerotic plaque. |
Chen et al. 2016 [42] | Danlou tablet | HFD male Wistar rats with vitamin D3 injection | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; APA↓; IL-6↓ TNF-α↓ MCP-1↓ ox-LDL↓; LP-PLA2↓ sPLA2↓ | Inhibiting AS related to the reduction of blood lipid and inflammation. |
Xiong et al. 2015 [43] | Shexiang Tongxin dropping pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | IL-2↓ IL-6↓ TNF-α↓ INF-γ↓ ox-LDL↓ MDA↓; GSH↑ SOD↑; ROS↓; miR-21↓ miR-126↓ miR-155↓ miR-20↑ | Inhibiting AS via reducing inflammation and regulating miR-21, miR-126, miR-155, and miR-20. |
Xiong et al. 2015 [44] | Shexiang Tongxin dropping pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | APA↓; TC↓ TG↓ LDL↓ ox-LDL↓ HDL↑; IL-2↓ IL-6↓ TNF-α↓ INF-γ↓ ox-LDL↓ MDA↓; GSH↑ SOD↑ ROS↓; miR-21↓ miR-126↓ miR-155↓ miR-132↓ miR-20↑ | Inhibiting AS via reducing inflammation and regulating miR-21, miR-126, miR-155, miR-132, and miR-20. |
Wu et al. 2015 [45] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | APA↓; p22↓ p47↓ HO-1↓; NF-κB↓; TC↓ TG↓ LDL↓ | Decreasing atherosclerotic plaque formation and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. |
Lang et al. 2015 [46] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD New Zealand rabbits with the silastic collar implantation around the right carotid artery | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | IT↓; CD34↓; microvascular blood flow volume↓; VAGF↓ VEGFR-2↓ | Inhibiting VV proliferation. |
Kang et al. 2015 [47] | Compound Chuanxiong capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 13 weeks | 7 weeks | TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; AI↓ APA↓; CPA↑; PI3K↓ Akt↓ NF-κB↓ IL-6↓ TNF-α↓ | Preventing AS and inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. |
Cheng et al. 2015 [48] | Yindanxinnaotong soft capsule | HFD male SD rats with vitamin D3 injection | 9 weeks | 12 weeks | APA↓ TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; MDA↓ SOD↑ GSH↑ GSH-px↑; NF-κB↓ IkB↑; IL-1β↓ CRP↓ TNF-α↓; NO↑ TXB2↓ | Relieving AS through regulating lipids, reducing lipid particle deposition in the endothelial layer of artery, enhancing antioxidant power, and repressing inflammation activity by inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway. |
Zhang et al. 2014 [49] | Tongxinluo capsule | Male C57BL/6 mice with the left common carotid artery ligation | 0 | 21 days | IA/MA ratio↓ IA↓; TNF-α↓ IL-1β↓; miR-155↓ | Inhibiting the vascular inflammatory response and neointimal hyperplasia. |
Zhang et al. 2014 [50] | Suxiaojiuxin pill | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 13 weeks | 8 weeks | TG↓ APA↓; CPA↑ FCT↑; VEGF↓ α-SMA↑; MMP-2↓ MMP-9↓ TIMP-1↑ TIMP-2↑ | Enhancing atherosclerotic plaque stability associated with modulating the MMPs/TIMPs balance. |
Yao et al. 2014 [51] | Tongxinluo capsule | Male SD rats with the left carotid artery balloon injury | 0 | 2 weeks | Serum ET-1↓ MCP-1↓ sICAM-1↓ NO↑; artery: ICAM-1↓ MCP-1↓; the neointimal thickening↓ | Improving endothelial function, attenuating neointimal formation, and reducing inflammation. |
Wang et al. 2014 [52] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | TC↓ HDL↑ TG↓ LDL↓; CRP↓; APA↓; ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓ MCP-1↓ | Preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation and intimal thickening. Reducing inflammation. |
Liu et al. 2014 [53] | Danhong injection | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | MCP-1↓ MMP-2↓ MMP-9↓; AAA formation↓; CPA↑ | Inhibiting the high-fat diet-induced AAA formation related to the maintenance of the collagen content and the inhibition of expression of AAA-related genes. |
Guo et al. 2014 [54] | Suxiaojiuxin pill | HFD male SD rats with vitamin D3 | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | TG↓ LDL↓ TC↓ HDL↑ | Reducing lipids. |
Chen et al. 2014 [55] | Danhong injection | HFD male or female apoE−/− or LDLR−/− mice | 16 weeks/20 weeks | 16 weeks/20 weeks | Male apoE−/−: ABCA1↑ TNF-α↓; female apoE−/−: APA↓ LDL-C↓ HMGCR↓ LDLR↑ TNF-α↓; male LDLR−/−: ABCA1↑ TNF-α↓; female LDLR−/−: ABCA1↑ APA↓ HMGCR↓ TNF-α↓ | Inhibiting AS through amelioration of lipid profiles. |
Zhu et al. 2013 [56] | Xuezhikang | HFD male Wistar rats with vitamin D3 injection | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | TG↓ LDL-C↓; aorta caveolin-1↓; MDA↓ SOD↑ T-AOC↑; eNOS↑, plasma NOx↑, cGMP in erythrocyte plasma and aorta wall↑; EDI↓ blood viscosity↓ | Elevating eNOS/NO, improving hemorheology, and inhibiting oxidative stress. |
Zhong et al. 2013 [57] | Naoxintong capsule | HFD New Zealand rabbits | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | LDL-C↓ TC↓; aorta: iNOS mRNA↓ NO↓ | Reducing iNOS expression in AS lesions |
Zhao et al. 2013 [58] | Naoxintong capsule | HFD male LDLR−/− mice | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | TC↓ TG↓; APA↓; CD68↓; DCs↓ CD40↓ CD86↓ CD80↓ plasma IL-12p70↓ | Protecting against AS through lipid lowering and inhibiting DCs maturation. |
Li et al. 2011 [59] | Xuezhikang | HFD male Wistar rats with vitamin D3 injection | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | LDL-C↓ TC↓; APTT↑ PT↑ TT↑ fibrinogen↓ tissue factor↓ SOD↑ MDA↓ | Inhibiting the tissue factor expression and reducing oxidative stress. |
Han et al. 2011 [60] | Dahuang Zhechong pill | HFD male New Zealand rabbits with balloon injury in aorta. | 60 days | 60 days | Serum: MDA↓SOD↑ NO↑. Aorta: MPO↓. VSMCs: PCNA↓ Bcl-2↓ | Inhibiting AS through antilipid peroxidation, protection of vascular endothelium, inhibition of VSMCs proliferation, and promotion of VSMCs apoptosis |
Li et al. 2011 [61] | Suxiaojiuxin pill | HFD male SD rats with vitamin D3 injection | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | Serum: MDA↓ SOD↑ ox-LDL↓; PPAR γ↓; NF-κB↓ | Anti-inflammation and inhibition of oxidative stress. |
Song et al. 2010 [62] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male Japanese rabbits | 14 weeks | 14 weeks | TC↓ LDL↓; PAI-1↓ VCAM-1↓ | Inhibiting AS related to the reduction of blood lipid and inflammation. |
Fu et al. 2009 [63] | Danhong injection | HFD male New Zealand rabbits | 14 weeks | 14 weeks | TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; MDA↓ iNOS↓ COX-2↓; APA↓ | Inhibiting AS related to the reduction of blood lipid, the inhibition of arterial wall inflammation, and the regulation of oxidative stress level. |
Cao et al. 2009 [64] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male Japanese rabbits | 14 weeks | 14 weeks | APA↓; MMP-3↓ MMP-9↓ PPARγ↑ | Inhibiting the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 and increasing the expression of PPARγ. |
Yu et al. 2006 [65] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male New Zealand rabbits | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | APA↓; TC↓ LDL↓; macrophage↓; LOX-1↓ | Inhibiting AS related to the reduction of blood lipid and LOX-1. |
Xie et al. 2006 [66] | Xuezhikang | HFD Japanese rabbits | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | APA↓; TC↓ HDL-C↑ TG↓ LDL-C↓; serum NO↑ CRP↓ | Inhibiting AS related to the reduction of blood lipid and inflammation. |
Li et al. 2006 [67] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD male Japanese rabbits with balloon injury | 16 weeks | 16 weeks | ET↓ NO↑; IT↓; CPA↑; MMP-1↓, COX-2↓; Bcl-2↑; FasL↓; macrophage↓ | Reducing endothelial injury and intima thickness, inhibiting apoptosis, and stabilizing plaques. |
Tian et al. 2004 [68] | Fufang Danshen dropping pill | HFD male New Zealand rabbits | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | TC↓ HDL-C↑ TG↓ LDL-C↓; IT↓ | Reducing the blood lipid. |
Chen et al. 2004 [69] | Fufang Danshen dropping pill | HFD male New Zealand rabbits | 12 weeks | 12 weeks | LO↓ APA↓; VCAM-1↓ | Inhibiting VCAM-1 expression. |
Guan et al. 2015 [70] | Tongxinluo capsule | Male Wistar rats with the silicone collar around the left carotid artery | 0 | 4 weeks | pERK1/2↑ nNOS↑; LO↓ | Improving the blood flow and attenuating the chronic vasoconstriction through the activation of ERK1/2 signaling. |
Chen et al. 2009 [71] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD New Zealand rabbits with balloon-induced abdominal aortic endothelial injury, undergoing plaques triggering by Chinese Russell viper venom | 20 weeks | 12 weeks | Serum TC↓ LDL-C↓ TG↓; MCP-1↓ hs-CRP↓ IL-8↓ IL-18↓ MMP-1↓ P-selectin↓; ultrasonography measurements: IMT↓; corrected AII ↑ APA↓ EEMA↓; MCP-1↓ MMP-1↓ MMP-3↓ MMP-12↓ P-selectin↓; vulnerability index↓ α-SMCs↑ CPA↓ lipid↓ RAM-11↓ | Enhancing the stability of vulnerable plaques via effects on lipid lowering and anti-inflammation. |
Zhang et al. 2009 [72] | Tongxinluo capsule | HFD New Zealand rabbits with balloon-induced abdominal aortic endothelial injury, undergoing an adenovirus-containing p53 and plaques triggering by Chinese Russell viper venom | 10 weeks | 8 weeks | Serum TC↓ LDL↓ TG↓ HDL↑; MCP-1↓ hs-CRP↓ sICAM-1↓ ox-LDL↓; ultrasonography measurements: corrected AII ↑ APA↓ EEMA↓; MCP-1↓ MMP-1↓ MMP-3↓ MMP-12↓ P-selectin↓; vulnerability index↓ α-SMCs↑ CPA↓ lipids↓ macrophages↓ fibrous cap thickness↓; LOX-1↓ MMP-1↓ MMP-3↓ TIMP-1↓ NF-κB↓ | Enhancing the stability of plaque and preventing plaque rupture via lipid lowering, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. |
Liu et al. 2019 [73] | Shexiang Baoxin pill | HFD LDLR−/− mice | 14 weeks | 14 weeks | α-SMA↓ SM22α↓ OPN↓ | Reversing the dedifferentiation of VSMCs. |
Meng et al. 2019 [74] | Xuezhitong capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 34 weeks | 34 weeks | Serum TC↓ LDL↓ TG↓ HDL↑; APA↓; plasma FFA↓ ox-LDL↓ LCAT↑ ApoB↓; liver ox-LDL↓ FAS↓ LDLR↑ ABCA1↑ SR-B1↑ LCAT↑ ApoA1↑ | Activating RCT and increasing HDL levels. |
Gao et al. 2020 [75] | Danlou tablet | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | APA↓; serum IL-8↓ MMP-1↓ MMP-2↓ | Protecting against AS by reducing inflammation. |
Lu et al. 2020 [76] | Guanxinshutong capsule | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 10 weeks | 10 weeks | Serum TC↓ LDL-C↓ TG↓ HDL-C↑; APA↓; CPA↑; CD68↓; serum TNF-α↓ IL-6↓ SOD↑ GSH↑ MDA↓; aortic sinus TNF-α↓ IL-6↓ NF-κB↓ HO-1↑ Nrf2↑ | Attenuating AS by reducing lipid deposition, modulating oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses |
Sun et al. 2020 [77] | Danlou tablet | HFD male apoE−/− mice | 32 weeks | 8 weeks | Serum TC↓ TG↓ LDL-C↓; APA↓; aorta mRNA TNF-α↓ IL-1β↓ ICAM-1↓ | Inhibiting AS through lipid lowering and modulating inflammation |
Zhai et al. 2020 [78] | Zhixiong capsule | HFD male SD mice + vitamin D3 | 18 weeks | 6 weeks | APA↓ IA/MA ratio↓ CPA↑ mineralization↓; serum TC↓ LDL↓ HDL↑; thoracic arteries IL-4↑ IL-13↑ MAPK1↓ MAPK14↓ p53↑ | Inhibiting AS plaque progression related to the reduction of blood lipid, macrophage content, and macrophage transformation. |
|