A Perspective on Tongue Diagnosis in Patients with Breast Cancer

Table 3

Comparison of tongue characteristics between patients with BC and control subjects.

Tongue features	Control	Breast cancer	value
	n = 155	n = 122
Thick tongue fur (%)	46.3 ± 19.1	59.5 ± 23.0	<0.001
Fissures (mean ± SD)	4.2 ± 5.8	5.8 ± 7.0	0.040
Teeth marks (mean ± SD)	3.9 ± 2.6	3.4 ± 2.6	0.088
Ecchymoses (mean ± SD)	4.7 ± 8.2	6.7 ± 14.3	0.172
Ecchymoses in the heart-lung area	2.5 ± 4.8	4.8 ± 10.3	0.013
Ecchymoses in the left liver-gallbladder area	0.6 ± 1.3	0.5 ± 1.3	0.575
Ecchymoses in the right liver-gallbladder area	1.3 ± 2.9	0.7 ± 2.0	0.063
Ecchymoses in the spleen-stomach area	0.3 ± 1.3	0.7 ± 2.2	0.143
Ecchymoses in the kidney area	0 ± 0.1	0 ± 0.1	0.865
Red dots (mean ± SD)	67.8 ± 66.2	24.7 ± 23.4	<0.001
Red dots in the heart-lung area	31.4 ± 25.8	10.9 ± 12.6	<0.001
Red dots in the left liver-gallbladder area	9.2 ± 12.1	4.8 ± 6.2	<0.001
Red dots in the right liver-gallbladder area	17.0 ± 24.4	6.4 ± 7.2	<0.001
Red dots in the spleen-stomach area	8.4 ± 17.3	2.0 ± 5.2	<0.001
Red dots in the kidney area	1.8 ± 3.7	0.6 ± 1.4	<0.001

values were performed by independent t-test for continuous variables. , , and .