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Name of herb(s) or formulas | Main ingredient(s) or component(s) | Animal Model(s) and/or cell(s) | Main action(s) and possible mechanism | References |
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Hepatic effects (in simples) |
Cinnamomum cassia | Cassia oil | PO-induced HUA mice | Lower liver XDH/XOD activities | [13, 14] |
Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. leaf | Essential oil (cinnamaldehyde) | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibitory effects on XOD | [15] |
Lonicera hypoglauca Miq. | Lonicera flavone | In vivo and in vitro PO-induced HUA mice | Suppress XOD activity | [16] |
Rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. | Curcumin | PO-induced HUA mice | Suppress serum and liver XOD; suppress NLRP3 | [17] |
Smilax china L. | Engeletin, astilbin, polydatin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, rutin, oxyresveratrol, and resveratrol | In vivo and in intro, Fructose induced HUA rats | Suppress XOD activity; inhibiting TGF-β1, CTGF, PGE2, IL-1 | [18, 19] |
Aurantii fructus immaturus carbonisata | Carbon dots | In vivo and in intro, PO & hypoxanthine induced HUA rats and MSU induced gout rats | Inhibit serum and liver XOD activity | [20] |
Cordyceps militaris (L. ex Fr.) Link | Exopolysaccharides | PO-induced HUA mice | XOD inhibitory activities; renal protection | [21] |
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Hepatic effects (in formulas) |
Ermiao wan | Phellodendri cortex and rhizome atractylodis | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibiting XDH and XO activities; improved kidney fibrosis | [22] |
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Renal actions (in simples) |
Cordyceps militaris (L. ex Fr.) Link. | LYS145, ARG477, ARG325, and ASP168 | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibition activity on URAT1 protein levels | [23] |
Herbaceous peony | Total glucosides | Adenine and ethambutol induced urate | Upregulate renal OAT1, downregulate renal GLUT9 and URAT1; improved kidney histopathological alterations | [24] |
Rhizoma Dioscoreae Nipponicae | Total saponins | PO-induced HUA mice | Regulate OAT1, OAT3, URAT1and GLUT9 mRNA and protein levels | [25] |
Fraxini Cortex | Aesculetin, aesculin, fraxetin, and fraxin, | Hypoxanthine and PO induce HUA Rats | Downregulated GLUT9 and URAT1 mRNA and protein levels | [26] |
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Renal actions (in formulas) |
Simiao pill | Phellodendri cortex, atractylodis rhizome, achyranthes root, and coix seed | PO-induced HUA mice | Increase FEUA levels and decreased serum uric acid levels; regulate renal mOAT1, mURAT1, and mGLUT9,renal mOCTN1, mOCTN2, and mOCT1, mOCT2, | [27] |
Wuling San | Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. & Gibn, Alisma, plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam., Cinnamomi cortex, Atractylodes macrocephala, Koidz. | PO-induced HUA mice and high fructose fed HUA mice | Downregulate renal mGLUT9 and mURAT1 mRNA and protein levels , upregulate those of mOAT1, mOCT1, mOCT2, and mOCTN2;reverse dysregulation of URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2 and OAT1, and OCT1 and OCT2 ,inhibit TLR4/MyD88 signaling and NF-κB, signaling and MAPKs; suppress NLRP3 and renal secretion of IL-1β | [28, 29] |
Erding formula (Erding granule) | Viola yedoensis Makino Lobelia chinensis Lour, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. and Isatis, indigotica Fort, PO-induced HUA mice | PO-induced HUA mice | Suppress URAT1 mRNA expression and enhance that of OAT3; analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects; downregulate GLUT9 and URAT1 protein expression and upregulate OAT1 protein expression | [30, 31] |
Compound tufuling granules | Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae, Pseudobulbus, Cremastrae seu Pleiones, Semen Vaccariae, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae | Yeast extract and PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit GLUT9 | [32, 33] |
Xie-Zhuo-Chu-Bi-Fang | Smilacis glabrae rhizoma, Heterosmilacis, Rhizoma, Cremastrae Pseudobulbus, Achyranthis, Bidentatae Radix, and Vaccariae Semen | Yeast extract and PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit URAT1 mRNA expression | [34, 35] |
Quzhuotongbi decoction | Smilax glabra Roxb., Dioscorea septemloba Thunb., Maydis stigma, coix seed, Alismatis rhizome, Humulus scandens, Parasitic loranthus, Herba Siegesbeckiae, turmeric, Corydalis, Rhizoma and Citrus medica | A high yeast-fed HUA rat | Inhibit URAT1 expression | [36] |
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Renal and intestinal actions (in simples) |
Dioscorea tokoro Makino ex Miyabe | Dioscin (tigogenin) | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit URAT1and promote ABCG2 | [37] |
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) | Aesculin, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, 14(15)-diene-3α-ol, 13,14-seco-stigma5(6), and isochlorogenic acid A/B/C, | In vivo and in intro, fructose induced HUA mice | Downregulate XOD activity and upregulate renal OAT3 mRNA; downregulate intestinal ABCG2 mRNA and protein. Suppress renal GLUT9 protein | [38–40] |
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Hepatic and renal dual actions (in simples) |
Smilax glabra Roxb. | Total flavonoids (neoastilbin, astilbin, neoisoastilbin, and isoastilbin) | PO-induced HUA mice | Suppress XOD and upregulate the expression of OAT1, OCTN2, and the mRNA (mOAT1 and mOCTN2) in kidney tissue | [41] |
Gnaphalium pensylvanicum willd. | Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and 1,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid) | PO-induced HUA mice | Downregulate GLUT9 and URAT1 expression, upregulate OAT1 expression, and inhibit XOD activity | [42] |
Smilax riparia | Total saponins (smilax-chinoside A and smilax-chinoside C. timosaponin J and riparoside B) | PO-induced HUA mice | Downregulate renal mURAT1, inhibit XOD | [43–46] |
Morus alba L. | Morin(3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) | In vivo and in vitro, PO-induced HUA mice | Regulate URAT1 (need further research), inhibition of XOD | [47] |
Paederia scandens | Asperuloside, paederoside, and scandoside | In vivo and in intro, PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit XOD, inhibit renal urate reabsorption | [48] |
Camellia sinensis Theaceae | Green tea polyphenols (catechins) | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit serum and liver XOD, decrease URAT1 expression and promote OAT1 and OAT3 expression | [49] |
Alismatis rhizoma and rhizoma smilacis glabrae | Not available | PO & adenine induced HUA rats | Inhibit XOD, downregulate renal URAT1 expression | [50] |
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Hepatic and renal dual actions (in formulas) |
Sanmiao wan | Achyranthes root, phellodendri cortex, and atractylodes rhizome | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit hepatic XOD, downregulate kidney mURAT1 | [51] |
Modified Chuanhu anti-gout mixture | D. nipponica, P. cuspidatum, honeysuckle rattan, Radix cyathulae, glabrous greenbrier, Radix saposhnikoviae, Radix clematidis, Rhizoma chuanxiong, coix seed, Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome | PO-induced HUA mice | Inhibit liver XOD and kidney URAT1 levels | [52] |
ShiZhiFang | Plantago seeds, white mustard seeds, vaccaria seeds, and abutilon seeds | PO-induced HUA rats | Facilitate renal rOAT3 and rOAT1 transcription and expression and inhibit serum XOD activity | [53] |
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Hepatic, renal, and intestinal triple actions (in simples) |
Dendrobium officinalis six nostrum | SiMiao Wan by adding Dendrobium officinalis | PO & high-fat sorghum induced HUA with hyperlipidemia rat | Upregulate HPRT1, inhibit liver XOD, increase renal and intestinal ABCG2 content, reduce PDZK1content, and inhibit NLRP3 and caspase 1 activation | [54] |
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Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects |
Rhizoma smilacis glabrae | Water extract | Monosodium urate and PO-induced HUA and gout murine | Upregulating the expression of catalase | [55–57] |
Alpinia officinarum Hance | Galangin | In vitro | Suppression NLRP3, NF-κB and PI3K /AKT PKB signaling pathway activation | [58] |
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