Review Article

Effects of Physical Exercises on Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Exercise Capacity, and Quality of Life in Children with Asthma: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of studies included.

First author. (year).(reference)Sample size (I/C)Mean age (I/C)InterventionControlIntervention durationIntervention frequencyOutcome measure

Andrade et al. (2014). [11]27 (10/17)11.4 ± 2.3/
11.7 ± 2.3
Aerobic trainingRoutine activities6 w3 times/week,
20–30 minutes/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PAQLQ, 6MWT
Asher et al. (1990). [22]38 (19/19)9.5 ± 2.7/
10 ± 2.6
Physical therapy based on exerciseRoutine drug therapy2 w2 times/day,
20–30 minutes/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred, PEF% pred
Basaran et al. (2006). [23]58 (30/28)10.35 ± 2.2/
10.45 ± 2.1
Submaximal aerobic exerciseRoutine activities8 w3 times/week,
55–60 minutes/time
FVC% pred, PEF% pred, PAQLQ, 6MWT
Karakoç et al. (2000). [24]28 (16/12)10.8 ± 2.3/
10.2 ± 2.4
Lung rehabilitation training program based on exerciseRoutine activities4 wFVC% pred, FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred, PEF% pred
Carew et al. (2018). [25]37 (27/10)13.3 ± 1.9, 13.2 ± 1.6, 13.5 ± 1.8/
12.0 ± 3.1
Swimming, football, basketballRoutine activities6 wOnce a week,
40 minutes
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred
Chen. (2010). [26]99 (50/49)9.10 ± 2.14/
9.18 ± 3.27
Exercise prescriptionRoutine drug therapy16 w3 times/week,
20 minutes/week
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, PAQLQ
Chen et al. (2020). [27]40 (20/20)11.4 ± 2.8/
12.1 ± 3.4
Fixed treadmill exerciseRoutine activities12 w3 times/week,
30 minutes/week
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, 6MWT, RPE, PAQLQ
Counil et al. (2003). [28]14 (7/7)14 ± 0.6/
13.9 ± 0.8
Power cyclingRoutine activities6 w3 times/week,
45 minutes/week
FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred, PP
Latorre-Roma’n et al. (2014). [29]105 (58/47)11.55 ± 1.01/
11.51 ± 1.42
Indoor interval trainingRoutine activities12 w3 times/week,
60 minutes/week
PAQLQ, 6MWT, RPE
Leng et al. (2020). [30]60 (30/30)6.72 ± 2.55/
6.59 ± 2.18
Exercise prescriptionRoutine drug treatment and massage12 w5 times/week,
60 minutes/week
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred
Li et al. (2016). [31]46 (23/23)11.9 ± 2.3/
12.5 ± 3.0
Intermittent anaerobic exercise (pedaling)Routine activities8 w3 times/week,
30 seconds/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, PP
Li et al. (2016). [32]41 (29/12)11.7 ± 2.0, 12.5 ± 1.6/
10.8 ± 1.3
Medium intensity continuous exercise; high intensity intermittent exerciseRoutine activities8 w4 times/week,
40 minutes/time or
30 seconds/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, 6MWT, RPE
Li et al. (2015). [33]128 (64/64)8.8 ± 2.4Exercise prescriptionRoutine drug therapy24 w3 times/week,
20 minutes/week
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, PAQLQ
Moreira et al. (2008). [34]31 (16/15)12.9 ± 3.4/
12.5 ± 3.5
Submaximal exercise (aerobic exercise, strength training, balance and coordination training, relaxation exercise)Routine activities12 w2 times/week,
50 minutes/time
FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred, PAQLQ
Onur et al. (2011). [35]30 (15/15)9.8 ± 1.8/
10.3 ± 2.0
CyclingRoutine drug therapy8 w2 times/week,
60 minutes/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred
Sanz-Santiago et al. (2020). [36]60 (35/35)12.1 ± 2.1/
11.1 ± 2.9
Resistance and aerobic trainingRoutine activities12 w3 times/week,
20–40 times/week,
PAQLQ
Tan. (2019). [37]156 (80/76)8.24 ± 2.13/
8.08 ± 2.17
Swimming, intermittent sports (table tennis, badminton, basketball, etc.)Routine drug therapy12 w3 times/week,
20–30 minutes/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, PAQLQ
Wang et al. (2009). [38]30 (15/15)7–12SwimmingRoutine activities6 w3 times/week,
50 minutes/week
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred
Wicher et al. (2010). [39]61 (30/31)10.35 ± 3.13/
10.90 ± 2.63
SwimmingRoutine drug therapy12 w2 times/week,
60 minutes/time
FVC% pred, FEV1% pred, FEF25–75% pred
Yang et al. (2020). [40]105 (53/52)8.24 ± 1.27/
8.68 ± 1.36
Intermittent anaerobic exercise trainingRoutine breathing training8 w7 times/week,
30 minutes/time
FEV1% pred, PEF% pred, pp
Zhang et al. (2019). [41]72 (36/36)6.9 ± 2.3/
7.1 ± 2.7
Aerobic trainingRoutine drug therapy6 w3 times/week,
40 minutes/week
FEV1% pred
Zhang et al. (2020). [42]80 (40/40)8.2 ± 2.5/
7.9 ± 2.2
Aerobic exercise and anaerobic exerciseRoutine activities and health education8 w3–5 times/week,
35–50 minutes/week
PAQLQ

I: intervention group; C: control group; w: week; FVC% pred: pulmonary function indices include forced vital capacity to predicted value ratio; FEV1% pred: forced expiratory volume at 1 s to predicted value ratio; FEF25–75% pred: forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity ratio; PEF% pred: peak expiratory flow to predicted value ratio; PAQLQ: Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire; 6 MWT: the 6-minute walk test; RPE: rating of perceived effort; PP: peak power; —: no data.