Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Kochiae Fructus, the Fruit of Common Potherb Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad: A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Quality Control, and Pharmacokinetics

Table 1

Chemical compounds identified in Kochiae Fructus.
No.CompoundsFormulaRef.
Triterpenoids
120-HydroxyecdysoneC27H44O7[5]
2β-SitosterolC29H50O[6]
3Momordin IcC41H64O13[7]
4Oleanic-acid-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosly(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosideC41H65O12[7]
5Momordin IC41H64O13[7]
6Oleanolic acidC30H48O3[7]
7Oleanolic acid 3-O-glucuronideC36H56O9[7]
8Oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC36H56O8[7]
928-O-Deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin VC42H66O14[7]
102′-O-Glucopyranosyl-momordin IcC48H76O19[7]
11Chikusetsusaponin VC48H76O19[7]
12Momordin IIcC47H74O18[7]
13Kochianoside IC36H56O10[8]
14Kochianoside IIC47H74O18[8]
15Kochianoside IIIC41H64O14[8]
16Kochianoside IVC41H64O13[8]
17DaucosterolC35H60O6[6]
18Oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1⟶3)-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 6-methyl esterC42H66O13[6]
193-O-β-D-Glucuronopyranosy-28-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-oleanic-acidC42H66O14[6]
20Oleanolic acid 3-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid 6-methyl esterC37H58O9[9]
21Stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC35H58O6[8]
22Oleanic-acid-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1⟶2)-β-D-xylopyranosly(1⟶3)]-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acidC47H74O18[10]
236′-Methyl ester of momordin IcC42H66O13[11]
242′-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl momordin IcC47H74O18[11]
252′-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl momordin IIcC53H84O23[11]
Flavonoids
26Quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1⟶2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC32H38O21[12]
27Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1⟶6)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-7-O- β-D-sophorosideC39H50O26[12]
28Quercetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC21H20O12[12]
29Quercetin 3-O-β-D-sophorosideC27H30O17[12]
30Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosideC27H30O17[12]
31Quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1⟶2)- β-D-galactopyranosideC26H28O16[12]
32IsorhamnetinC16H12O7[6]
33QuercetinC15H10O7[6]
34RutinC27H30O16[6]
35Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosideC22H22O12[6]
365,7,4′-Trihydroxy-6,3′-dimethoxyflavoneC17H14O7[6]
375,7,4′-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavoneC16H12O6[6]
38HyperosideC21H20O12[10]
Carbohydrates
39SorbitolC6H14O6[13]
40GlucoseC6H12O6[13]
41GalactopyranoseC6H12O6[13]
42FructoseC6H12O6[13]
43Inositol-scyllo [13]
44TrehaloseC12H22O11[13]
45SucroseC12H22O11[13]
46N-Acetyl glucosamineC8H15NO6[13]
47MannitolC6H14O6[13]
48MannoseC6H12O6[13]
49GlucosamineC6H13NO5[13]
50Glycerophosphoric acidC3H9O6P[13]
51RhamnoseC6H12O5[13]
52RibitolC5H12O5[13]
53XyluloseC5H10O5[13]
54ErythritolC4H10O4[13]
552-O-Glycerol-α-D-galactopyranosideC9H18O8[13]
56MaltitolC12H24O11[13]
57MelibioseC12H22O11[13]
58XyloseC5H10O5[13]
59RiboseC5H10O5[13]
60ArabinoseC5H10O5[13]
Amino acids
61TryptophanC11H12N2O2[13]
62TyrosineC9H11NO3[13]
63PhenylalanineC9H11NO2[13]
64MethionineC9H11NO2[13]
65Glutamic acidC5H9NO4[13]
66LysineC6H14N2O2[13]
67GlutamineC5H10N2O3[13]
68Aspartic acidC4H7NO4[13]
69AsparagineC4H8N2O3[13]
70LeucineC6H13NO2[13]
71IsoleucineC6H13NO2[13]
72Pyroglutamic acidC5H7NO3[13]
73ThreonineC4H9NO3[13]
74ValineC5H11NO2[13]
75ProlineC5H9NO2[13]
76SerineC3H7NO3[13]
77AlanineC3H7NO2[13]
78GlycineC2H5NO2[13]
79OrnithineC5H12N2O2[13]
80CysteineC3H7NO2S[13]
81β-AlanineC3H7NO2[13]
Organic acid
82Glucaric acidC6H10O8[13]
83Gluconic acidC6H12O7[13]
84Glucuronic acidC6H10O7[13]
85Citric acidC6H8O7[13]
86Gluconic acid-1,5-lactoneC6H10O6[13]
87Threonic acidC4H8O5[13]
88Malic acidC4H6O5[13]
89Malonic acidC3H4O4[13]
90Oxalic acidC2H2O4[13]
Essential oils
91α-PineneC10H16[14]
922-CampheneC10H16[14]
939-Hexadecenoic acidC16H30O2[14]
94Hexadecenoic acidC16H30O2[14]
95Ethyl hexadecenoic acidC18H34O2[14]
969,12-Octadecadienoic acidC18H32O2[14]
97Ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoic acidC20H36O2[14]
989-Ethyl octadecanoateC20H38O2[14]
99Stearic acidC18H36O2[14]
100Methyl hexadecanoateC17H34O2[14]
101Methyl hexadecenoic acidC17H32O2[14]
102Octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acidC18H30O2[14]
103Methyl 9-octadecenoic acidC19H36O2[14]
104Methyl 10-octadecenoic acidC19H36O2[14]
105Octadecenoic acidC19H34O2[14]
106Methyl 11-eicosenoic acidC21H40O2[14]
107Methyl eicosenoic acidC21H42O2[14]
108Benzene, 1-methyl-2-propyl-C10H14[15]
109Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-C10H10[15]
110(E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienalC10H16O[15]
111Methyl 2-methyl-octanateC10H20O2[15]
112Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-C10H12O[15]
113Methyl nonanoateC10H20O[15]
1141-UndecyneC11H20[15]
115Ethyl nonanoateC11H22O2[15]
116NaphthaleneC11H10[15]
117Bicyclo(4,3,1)decan-10-oneC10H16O[15]
1185-Ethyl-2-nonanolC11H24O[15]
1194,8-Dimethyl-1-nonanolC11H24O[15]
120(Z)-β-FarneseneC15H24[15]
121trans-β-FarneseneC15H24[15]
1222,6-Di-T-butyl-1,4-benzoquinoneC14H20O[15]
123β-IononeC13H20O[15]
124Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8a-octahydro-1,8a-demethyl-7-(1-methyethyl)-[1R-(1α,7β,8aα)]-C15H24[15]
125β-ChamigreneC15H24[15]
126Ethyl dodecanoateC14H28O2[15]
127HexadecaneC16H34[15]
128Methyl tetradecanoateC15H30O2[15]
129Benzene, 1,1’-(1,2-ethynediyl)bis-C14H10[15]
130OctadecaneC18H38[15]
1312-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-C18H36O[15]
132Ethyl pentadecanoateC17H34O2[15]
133Ethyl hexadecanoateC18H36O2[15]
134EicosaneC20H42[15]
135Methyl octadecadienoateC19H34O2[15]
136HeneicosaneC21H44[15]
137Ethyl-octadecadienoateC20H36O2[15]
138Ethyl octadecanoateC20H40O2[15]
139DocosaneC22H46[15]
Heterocyclics
140OleamideC18H35NO[13]
141EthanolamineC2H7NO[13]
142UridineC9H12N2O6[13]
143Uric acidC5H4N4O3[13]
144GuanineC5H5N5O[13]
145AdenineC5H5N5[13]
146SpermidineC7H19N3[13]
147PutrescineC4H12N2[13]
148Ethylene glycolC2H6O2[13]
149UreaCH4N2O[13]
150AllantoinC4H6N4O3[13]
151ThymineC5H6N2O2[13]
1522-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-ethanolC9H12O3[13]
153DopamineC8H11NO2[16]