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| Pharmacological effect | Model | Administration | Minimal active concentration | Reference |
|
| Anti-inflammatory effect | The ddY mice in an acetic acid-induced vascular permeability | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: indomethacin at 10 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | [19] |
| The ddY mice in a carrageenin-induced edema | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: indomethacin at 10 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | [19] |
| The ddY mice in a compound 48/80-induced edema | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: diphenhydramine at 50 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | [19] |
| The ddY mice in a chemical mediator-induced edema | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: cyproheptadine at 2 mg/kg; diphenhydramine at 50 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | [19] |
| The isolated ileum of guinea pig in a histamine-induced contraction | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 10, 50, 100, and 300 μg/mL | 220 μg/mL | [19] |
| The ddY mice in an arachidonic acid-induced edema | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: phenidone at 20 mg/kg, i.v. | 500 mg/kg | [19] |
| A picryl chloride-induced ear inflammatory model in ICR mice | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg, i.g.
Positive control: prednisone at 50 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | [20] |
| A dinitrochlorobenzene-induced allergic contact dermatitis model in rats | Tested drug: total flavonoids of KF at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. p.o.
Positive control: sodium prednisolone acetate at 2.5 μg/mL | 100 mg/kg | [21] |
| A DNFB-induced contact dermatitis model in mice | Tested drug: methanol extract of KF at the doses of 30, 100, and 300 μg/ear for external use
Positive control: dexamethasone at 75 μg/ear | 100 μg/ear | [22] |
| The ddY mice in a carrageenin-induced edema | Tested drug: momordin Ic at the doses of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: indomethacin at 10 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | [19] |
| LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line | Tested drug: 20-hydroxyecdysone, momordin Ic, and oleanolic acid with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, or 25 μM)
Positive control: indomethacin at 2.5 ng/mL | 6.25 μM | [5] |
| Hypoglycemic effect |
| | Normal, alloxan-induced hyperglycemic and insulin-induced hypoglycemic mice | Tested drug: n-butanol extract of KF at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o. | 25 mg/kg | [23] |
| Examining the activity of α-glucosidase in rat intestine in vitro | Tested drug: n-butanol extract of KF at the doses of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL
Positive control: acarbose at 2 μg/mL | 125 μg/mL | [23] |
| Examining the ability of glucose absorption in rat intestine in vitro | Tested drug: n-butanol extract of KF at the doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL | 100 μg/mL | [23] |
| Testing the propulsive function of small intestine in normal, fenfluramine-treated, dopamine-treated, acetic acid-treated, and Nω-nitro-L-arginine-treated rats | Tested drug: n-butanol extract of KF at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o. | 50 mg/kg | [24] |
| Testing the gastric emptying in rats | Tested drug: oleanolic acid 3-O-glucuronide and momordin Ic at the doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: atropine sulfate at 10 mg/kg | 25 and 12.5 mg/kg, respectively | [25] |
| Testing the glucose uptake in rat small intestine in vitro | Tested drug: oleanolic acid 3-O-glucuronide and momordin Ic at the doses of 0, 5, 50, and 500 μM
Positive control: phlorizin at 1 μM | 50 and 5 μM, respectively | [25] |
| Gastric emptying test on 1.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt test meal-loaded mice, 40% glucose test meal-loaded mice, milk test meal-loaded mice, and 60% ethanol test meal-loaded mice | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 12.5–50 mg/kg, p.o. | 50 mg/kg | [3] |
|
| Anticancer effects |
| Antiliver cancer | Inducing apoptosis of human hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2 cells | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the concentration range of 10–30 μM | 15 μM | [26] |
| Inducing autophagy of human hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2 cells | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 5–20 μM | 10 μM | [27] |
| Inducing apoptosis of human hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2 cells | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 5, 10, and 15 μM | 5 μM | [28] |
| Suppressing invasion of human hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2 cells | Tested drug: momordin Ic at the dose of 10 μM | 10 μM | [29] |
| Inhibiting migration and invasion of human hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2 cells | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 1–10 μM | 5 μM | [30] |
|
| Antiprostate cancer | VEGF-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and proliferation in prostate cancer cells | Tested drug: methanol extract of KF in the dose range of 10–20 μg/mL and 10–250 μg/mL, respectively | 20 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively | [31] |
| Testing the SUMO-specific protease 1 in prostate cancer cells and a xenograft PC3 tumor mouse model | Tested drug: momordin Ic at the dose of 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μM and 10 mg/kg/day, i.p. For 20 days, respectively | IC50 was 15.37 μM and 10 mg/kg/day | [32] |
| Antifungal effect |
| | In vitro for Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton violaceum, and Trichophyton schoenleinii | Tested drug: water extract of KF in the concentration range of 0.04%–25% | 3.12% | [33] |
| Inhibiting the growing of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilia cinerea, Physalos porapiricola, Alternaria alternata, and Valsa mali | Tested drug: water, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate, and methanol extract of KF with the concentration of dose 1 mg/15 mL | 1 mg/15 mL | [34] |
| In vitro for Microsporum ferrugineum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton schoenleini, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans | Tested drug: the saponin extract, flavone extract I (40% alcohol eluent), flavone extract II (80% alcohol eluent), and lipid extract with no concentration mentioned | All samples have the antifungal effect on Microsporum ferrugineum and Trichophyton rubrum, but the concentration was not mentioned | [35] |
|
| Antipruritogenic effect |
| | A compound 48/80-induced pruritogenic model in male ddY mice | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the dose of 200 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 200 mg/kg | [36] |
| Tested drug: methanol extract of KF at the dose of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 500 mg/kg |
Tested drug: momordin Ic at the dose of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: diphenhydramine at 20 mg/kg | 50 mg/kg |
| Itching guinea pig model caused by histamine itching mice model | Tested drug: water extract of KF at the concentration of 0.15 g/mL, 0.3 g/mL, and 0.6 g/mL for external use
Positive control: cyproheptadine | 0.15 g/mL | [33] |
|
| Antinociceptive effect |
| | The ddY mice in an acetic acid-induced writhing test | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the dose of 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg, p.o. | 500 mg/kg | [19] |
Tested drug: momordin Ic at the dose of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: aspirin at 200 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg |
|
| Inhibition effect on hypersensitivity |
| | DTH models upon challenge with SRBC or PC | Tested drug: 70% ethanol extract of KF at the dose of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg.
Positive control: prednisone at 50 mg/kg | 100 mg/kg | [20] |
Tested drug: total saponins extract of KF at the dose of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL
Positive control: cyproheptadine at 20 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg |
|
| Myocardial protection |
| | A furazolidone-induced dilated cardiomyopathy model in Wistar rats | Tested drug: water extract of KF at the dose of 5 and 20 mg/g, p.o.
Negative model: water | 20 mg/g | [37] |
| Hepatoprotective effect |
| | Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats | Tested drug: momordin Ic and oleanolic acid at the dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days, p.o.
Negative control: saline | 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days | [38] |
|
| Protecting gastric mucosal lesions |
| | Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 2.5–50 mg/kg, p.o.
Positive control: omeprazole at 20 or 5 mg/kg, respectively | 5 mg/kg | [39] |
|
| Suppressing osteoclastogenesis |
| | A cocultured system and a RANKL-induced osteoclast precursor system | Tested drug: momordin Ic in the dose range of 0.1–5 μM | 0.5 μM | [40] |
|
| Antibacteria effect |
| | Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test on Escherichia coli | Tested drug: oleanolic acid in the dose range of 15.6–4000 μg/mL | 31.3 μg/mL | [41] |
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