Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, and Molecular Profiling of Selected Medicinal Plants

Table 1

List of medicinal plants selected for the study and their ethnopharmacological applications.

Scientific name	Family	Voucher specimen	Indigenous uses	Chemical constituents
A. catechu (L.F.) wild	Fabaceae	TUCH-201011	It is used for anticancer purposes. It is useful in cold and cough, ulcers, boils, and eruptions of the skin, bleeding piles, antipyretic, acute, and chronic wound healing [20–23]. Catechin and taxifolin possess antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity [22].	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, 3,4′,7-trihydroxyl-3′,5-dimethoxyflavone, catechin, epicatechin, afzelechin, epiafzelechin, mesquitol, ophioglonin, aromadendrin, phenol [23]; rhamnetin, 4-hydroxyphenol, 3,3′,5,5′,7-pentahydroxyflavane, fisetinidol, 5-hydroxy-2-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-3-methoxybenzoic acid,n(2s,3S)-3,7,8,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavane [24]; rutin [25]; taxifolin [26]; quercetin 3-methyl ether, caryatin, ellagic acid [27]; robinetinidol [28]; gallochin, gossypetin, phlobatannin, quercitin [29]
F. religiosa	Moraceae	TUCH-201014	Bark is used in diarrhoea, dysentery, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cooling, astringent, gonorrhoea, and burns [30, 31]. Leaves are used in hiccups, vomiting, cooling, gonorrhoea, asthma, cough, diarrhoea, and gastric problems. Similarly, fruits are used in fever, tuberculosis, paralysis, asthma, and digestion [31–33]. It is used for anticancer activity [34], antioxidant, wound healing and anti- inflammatory activity [35], antidiabetic activity [36], and antiamnesic activity [37]. Lupeol possesses anti-inflammatory activity [38]. Quercetin and kaempferol possess antifungal property [39, 40].	Naphthyl-1,3-diol-1-(3β-lanost-5,24-dienyl)-3-n-octadec- 9,12,15-trienoate, naphthyl-1,3-diol-1-(3β-lanostan-19-oic acid-yl)-3- n-octadec-9,12-dienoate, triterpenic ester lanostan-19-oic acid-3β-olyl-n-octadec-9,12,15-trienoate, β-sitosteryl oleate, β-sitosterol glucoside [41]; lupenol, γ-sitosterol, 1,2-Benzenediol [42]; phenol, salicylaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, allyl caproate, linalool, n-nonanal, adipoin, methylcyclopentane, 2-dione, itaconic anhydride, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, benzeneacetonitrile, nonadienal, nonen-1-ol, nonadienol, linalool oxide, catechol, coumaran, cinnamyl alcohol, vinylguaiacol, hexenyl tiglate, eugenol, hexenyl hexenoate, β-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide, α-copaene, hexenyl benzoate, eudesmol, eudesmol, epi-α-cadinol, β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, α-cadinol, pentadecanal, palmitic acid and itaconic anhydride, 3-methylcyclopentane-1, 2-dione [43]; undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, (e)-β-ocimene β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans bergamotene, α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, dendrolasine, dendrolasine α-ylangene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene, bicycle-germacrene, γ-cadinene and δ-cadinene [44, 45]
M. melabathrium	Melastomataceae	TUCH-201013	It is used in looseness of the bowels, the runs, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, wounds and cut lightening urinary issues, leucorrhea, urinary tract, and toothache [46, 47]; antiviral activity, cytotoxicity activity [48], wound healing activity [49], antiulcer activity, antivenom activity [50], antidiabetic activity, antioxidant activity, antihyperlipidemic activity [47]. β-Sitosterol has shown antidiabetic activity [51]. Betulinic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, α-amyrin show anti-inflammatory activity [52].	β-Sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, ursolic acid, asiatic acid, 2-hydroxyursolic acid, Kaempferol [53]; α-amyrin, betulinic acid, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside [54]; 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1,2-dilinolenyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyanoside, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2″,6″-di-O-E-p-coumaryl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin, ellagic acid [55]; gallic acid, benzoic acid, epicatechin, malabathrin, casuarictin [56]
S. robusta gaertn	Dipterocarpaceae	TUCH-201010	It is used in the treatment of ulcer, cough, itching, leprosy, and as anthelmintic [57]. Antibacterial wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, etc. Ursolic acid, amyrin extracted from this plant is responsible for showing antibacterial activity and antiulcer [58].	Ammarenolic acid, asiatic acid [59]; ursolic acid, tri and tetrahydroxy ursenoic acid, α and β-amyrin, α –amyrenone, mangiferonic acid, benthamic acid and uvaol [58]; bergenin [60]; caryophyllene oxide, calarene epoxide, lupeol, β-humulene, α-amyrin, β-caryophyllene [61]