Anti-Inflammatory Investigations of Extracts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Table 1

Inhibitory effect and IC50 values of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages of various Zanthoxylum rhetsa extracts.

Part of plant	Extract and positive control	Code	Percentage of inhibition at various concentrations						IC50 (μg/ml)
			100 μg/ml	50 μg/ml	10 μg/ml	1 μg/ml	0.10 μg/ml	0.01 μg/ml
Pericarp	Hexane	PH	—	97.15 ± 0.37†	38.47 ± 8.69	−11.70 ± 3.94	−12.38 ± 3.61	—	11.99 ± 1.66^,a
	95% ethanol	P95	—	97.66 ± 1.12†	24.46 ± 2.71	−15.60 ± 3.58	−15.65 ± 2.27	—	15.33 ± 1.05^,a
	50% ethanol	P50	72.96 ± 1.04	35.78 ± 1.83	3.10 ± 2.50	−1.68 ± 4.25	—	—	67.55 ± 2.22
	Essential oil	PO	47.75 ± 6.07	15.29 ± 3.43	−14.02 ± 1.79	−15.51 ± 2.41	—	—	>100
	Water	PW	16.23 ± 4.25	8.75 ± 1.53	—	—	—	—	>100
Fruit	Hexane	FH	91.55 ± 3.04†	60.95 ± 0.84	8.69 ± 3.68	−5.20 ± 4.00	—	—	39.81 ± 0.53^,c
	95% ethanol	F95	93.36 ± 3.23†	72.35 ± 4.53	11.88 ± 1.01	−14.05 ± 6.36	—	—	29.42 ± 3.05^,b
	50% ethanol	F50	82.62 ± 1.26†	48.32 ± 0.51	4.02 ± 1.80	−2.95 ± 0.87	—	—	51.63 ± 0.43
	Essential oil	FO	42.23 ± 10.48	15.29 ± 7.11	−13.02 ± 3.56	−11.27 ± 3.42	—	—	>100
	Water	FW	20.97 ± 2.36	8.77 ± 1.86	—	—	—	—	>100
Seed	Hexane	SH	45.92 ± 1.91	22.75 ± 1.03	−1.17 ± 5.23	−11.93 ± 8.02	—	—	>100
	95% ethanol	S95	62.56 ± 0.98	35.63 ± 1.36	2.52 ± 7.24	−3.69 ± 8.17	—	—	73.10 ± 1.55
	50% ethanol	S50	81.94 ± 2.79†	46.88 ± 1.10	5.86 ± 3.64	−10.45 ± 2.58	—	—	54.36 ± 1.21
	Essential oil	SO	76.57 ± 1.91	35.40 ± 3.07	−6.95 ± 2.64	−13.79 ± 2.95	—	—	65.34 ± 3.18
	Water	SW	18.83 ± 4.06	10.88 ± 3.05	—	—	—	—	>100
	Prednisolone	Pred	—	96.82 ± 0.34†	89.32 ± 0.31	81.49 ± 6.98	72.90 ± 2.26	5.16 ± 1.25	0.07 ± 0.001 (0.19 ± 0.001 μM)

The results are shown as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 3). LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IC₅₀: the half maximal inhibitory concentration. †: the %inhibition was not different significantly from prednisolone; value < 0.01, value < 0.001 compared with prednisolone as a positive control; ^anot significantly different between PH and P95; ^bsignificantly different ( value < 0.01) between PH, P95, and F95; ^csignificantly different ( value < 0.05) between F95 and FH; (–) not tested.