Anti-Inflammatory Investigations of Extracts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Table 2

Inhibitory effect and IC50 values of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in RAW264.7 macrophages of various Zanthoxylum rhetsa extracts.

Part of plant	Extract and positive control	Code	Percentage of inhibition at various concentrations						IC50 (μg/ml)
			100 μg/ml	50 μg/ml	10 μg/ml	1 μg/ml	0.10 μg/ml	0.01 μg/ml
Pericarp	Hexane	PH	—	64.79 ± 0.26	22.26 ± 1.19	4.24 ± 9.04	−34.86 ± 12.07	—	36.08 ± 0.55^,a
	95% ethanol	P95	—	60.46 ± 3.07	30.49 ± 10.19	15.66 ± 9.88	−16.05 ± 6.31	—	34.90 ± 2.58^,a
	50% ethanol	P50	64.53 ± 1.14	45.57 ± 2.06	26.86 ± 0.76	17.22 ± 1.13	—	—	63.15 ± 3.82
	Essential oil	PO	56.24 ± 3.61	30.24 ± 4.30	1.03 ± 0.48	−7.37 ± 7.59	—	—	85.05 ± 3.24
	Water	PW	21.33 ± 1.57	—	—	—	—	—	>100
Fruit	Hexane	FH	58.77 ± 2.00	26.36 ± 0.55	0.59 ± 4.06	−11.31 ± 8.34	—	—	88.11 ± 1.85
	95% ethanol	F95	58.81 ± 4.68	21.74 ± 7.55	−1.13 ± 15.71	−16.78 ± 3.36	—	—	91.12 ± 3.42
	50% ethanol	F50	54.42 ± 2.59	30.00 ± 4.20	16.52 ± 4.33	0.53 ± 3.97	—	—	93.54 ± 4.02
	Essential oil	FO	64.54 ± 0.70	43.48 ± 3.46	12.06 ± 2.08	−16.44 ± 1.98	—	—	73.22 ± 3.85
	Water	FW	15.88 ± 0.60	—	—	—	—	—	>100
Seed	Hexane	SH	17.92 ± 2.03	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	95% ethanol	S95	24.69 ± 1.25	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	50% ethanol	S50	27.53 ± 1.47	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	Essential oil	SO	60.41 ± 1.24	50.23 ± 1.13	29.93 ± 0.19	20.31 ± 0.80	—	—	49.85 ± 4.29^,b
	Water	SW	12.02 ± 0.83	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	Prednisolone	Pred	—	89.00 ± 0.70	77.18 ± 0.69	71.01 ± 2.74	56.05 ± 0.08	28.59 ± 2.59	0.08 ± 0.003 (0.22 ± 0.003 μM)

The results are shown as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 3). LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IC₅₀: the half maximal inhibitory concentration. value < 0.001 compared with prednisolone as a positive control; ^anot different significantly statistic between PH and P95; ^bdifferent significantly statistic ( value < 0.05) between PH, P95, and SO; (–) not tested.