Anti-Inflammatory Investigations of Extracts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa
Table 2
Inhibitory effect and IC50 values of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in RAW264.7 macrophages of various Zanthoxylum rhetsa extracts.
Part of plant
Extract and positive control
Code
Percentage of inhibition at various concentrations
IC50 (μg/ml)
100 μg/ml
50 μg/ml
10 μg/ml
1 μg/ml
0.10 μg/ml
0.01 μg/ml
Pericarp
Hexane
PH
—
64.79 ± 0.26
22.26 ± 1.19
4.24 ± 9.04
−34.86 ± 12.07
—
36.08 ± 0.55,a
95% ethanol
P95
—
60.46 ± 3.07
30.49 ± 10.19
15.66 ± 9.88
−16.05 ± 6.31
—
34.90 ± 2.58,a
50% ethanol
P50
64.53 ± 1.14
45.57 ± 2.06
26.86 ± 0.76
17.22 ± 1.13
—
—
63.15 ± 3.82
Essential oil
PO
56.24 ± 3.61
30.24 ± 4.30
1.03 ± 0.48
−7.37 ± 7.59
—
—
85.05 ± 3.24
Water
PW
21.33 ± 1.57
—
—
—
—
—
>100
Fruit
Hexane
FH
58.77 ± 2.00
26.36 ± 0.55
0.59 ± 4.06
−11.31 ± 8.34
—
—
88.11 ± 1.85
95% ethanol
F95
58.81 ± 4.68
21.74 ± 7.55
−1.13 ± 15.71
−16.78 ± 3.36
—
—
91.12 ± 3.42
50% ethanol
F50
54.42 ± 2.59
30.00 ± 4.20
16.52 ± 4.33
0.53 ± 3.97
—
—
93.54 ± 4.02
Essential oil
FO
64.54 ± 0.70
43.48 ± 3.46
12.06 ± 2.08
−16.44 ± 1.98
—
—
73.22 ± 3.85
Water
FW
15.88 ± 0.60
—
—
—
—
—
>100
Seed
Hexane
SH
17.92 ± 2.03
—
—
—
—
—
>100
95% ethanol
S95
24.69 ± 1.25
—
—
—
—
—
>100
50% ethanol
S50
27.53 ± 1.47
—
—
—
—
—
>100
Essential oil
SO
60.41 ± 1.24
50.23 ± 1.13
29.93 ± 0.19
20.31 ± 0.80
—
—
49.85 ± 4.29,b
Water
SW
12.02 ± 0.83
—
—
—
—
—
>100
Prednisolone
Pred
—
89.00 ± 0.70
77.18 ± 0.69
71.01 ± 2.74
56.05 ± 0.08
28.59 ± 2.59
0.08 ± 0.003 (0.22 ± 0.003 μM)
The results are shown as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 3). LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IC50: the half maximal inhibitory concentration. value < 0.001 compared with prednisolone as a positive control; anot different significantly statistic between PH and P95; bdifferent significantly statistic ( value < 0.05) between PH, P95, and SO; (–) not tested.