Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Anti-Inflammatory Investigations of Extracts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Table 3

Inhibitory effect and IC50 values of LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW264.7 macrophages of various Zanthoxylum rhetsa extracts.


Part of plant	Extract and positive control	Code	Percentage of inhibition at various concentrations						IC₅₀ (μg/ml)
Part of plant	Extract and positive control	Code	100 μg/ml	50 μg/ml	10 μg/ml	1 μg/ml	0.10 μg/ml	0.01 μg/ml	IC₅₀ (μg/ml)

Pericarp	Hexane	PH	—	71.83 ± 7.51	36.28 ± 1.19	3.28 ± 0.52	2.27 ± 0.07	—	13.72 ± 0.81^,a
	95% ethanol	P95	—	67.44 ± 2.53	40.34 ± 1.77	2.79 ± 1.62	1.66 ± 1.37	—	12.26 ± 0.71^,a
	50% ethanol	P50	66.39 ± 1.83	52.66 ± 1.82	36.74 ± 0.55	31.50 ± 3.95	—	—	42.30 ± 1.20^,c
	Essential oil	PO	70.42 ± 1.26	63.32 ± 1.44	33.74 ± 0.62	18.84 ± 0.77	—	—	24.13 ± 2.03^,b
	Water	PW	11.67 ± 0.39	—	—	—	—	—	>100

Fruit	Hexane	FH	61.81 ± 1.00	20.93 ± 2.47	6.24 ± 0.10	4.68 ± 0.002	—	—	87.15 ± 0.55
	95% ethanol	F95	66.00 ± 1.26	52.35 ± 0.28	39.33 ± 1.31	37.64 ± 1.55	—	—	43.24 ± 1.04^,c
	50% ethanol	F50	67.51 ± 0.72	40.90 ± 2.76	22.51 ± 1.75	13.23 ± 0.95	—	—	69.97 ± 3.37
	Essential oil	FO	67.07 ± 6.94	54.22 ± 0.03	31.35 ± 4.12	26.08 ± 2.77	—	—	40.85 ± 1.99^,c
	Water	FW	20.06 ± 3.00	—	—	—	—	—	>100

Seed	Hexane	SH	−9.09 ± 0.28	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	95% ethanol	S95	−15.24 ± 4.16	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	50% ethanol	S50	12.48 ± 2.82	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	Essential oil	SO	83.70 ± 0.22¶	69.15 ± 2.48	52.50 ± 4.25	31.86 ± 6.71	—	—	8.61 ± 2.23^,a
	Water	SW	14.19 ± 2.12	—	—	—	—	—	>100
	Prednisolone	Pred	—	93.20 ± 3.80¶	87.74 ± 1.51	89.16 ± 1.82	81.57 ± 0.87	52.93 ± 1.35	0.07 ± 0.003 (0.19 ± 0.003 μM)

The results are shown as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 3). LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IC₅₀: the half maximal inhibitory concentration. ¶the %inhibition was not different significantly from prednisolone; value < 0.05, value < 0.01, value < 0.001 compared with prednisolone as a positive control; ^anot different significantly statistic between PH, P95, and SO; ^bdifferent significantly statistic ( value < 0.01) between PH, P95, and PO; ^cnot different significantly statistic between P50, F95, and FO; (–) not tested.