Comparative Effectiveness of Collaborative Treatment with Korean and Western Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 3

Mean changes in the outcomes of effectiveness per group over time and the results of repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (per-protocol).

Outcome measure	Treatment group	Baseline		4 weeks		8 weeks		RM ANOVA
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Group	Time	Group × time
ODI	Usual care	27.01	15.28	22.37	15.30	19.81	15.08	0.438	<0.001	<0.001
	Collaboration	35.49	14.98	21.29	12.37	17.52	15.68
NRS	Usual care	5.15	1.89	3.29	1.88	2.64	1.99	0.763	<0.001	0.200
	Collaboration	5.41	1.82	2.93	1.63	2.51	2.10
EQ-5D-5L	Usual care	0.74	0.13	0.83	0.11	0.87	0.14	0.555	<0.001	0.001
	Collaboration	0.68	0.15	0.84	0.10	0.89	0.12
EQ-VAS	Usual care	55.69	16.45	68.14	16.40	69.81	16.72	0.302	<0.001	0.482
	Collaboration	55.84	19.79	71.20	16.32	73.91	19.27

value < 0.05; SD: standard deviation; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; NRS: numeric rating scale; EQ-5D-5L: 5-level EuroQol-5 dimensions; EQ-VAS: EuroQol-visual analog scale. For ODI and NRS, the decreased amount indicates the degree of improvement of the symptoms (and how effective the treatment was). For EQ-5D and EQ-VAS, the increased amount indicates the same as above.