Comparative Effectiveness of Collaborative Treatment with Korean and Western Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 4

Results of the generalized linear mixed model analysis of effectiveness outcomes (intention-to-treat).

Random effects	ODI		NRS		EQ-5D-5L		EQ-VAS
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Collaboration	11.98	3.37	0.36	0.44	−0.08	0.03	−2.06	4.27
Follow-up time	−3.54	1.08	−1.25	0.15	0.07	0.01	7.37	1.42
Collaboration × follow-up time	−5.17	1.49	−0.19	0.20	0.04	0.01	1.70	1.98
Sex	0.38	2.08	0.13	0.26	−0.02	0.02	−5.66	2.09
Age	0.12	0.07	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.00	−0.04	0.07
Diagnosis (vs. sprain)	−1.58	2.24	−0.31	0.28	−0.01	0.02	−1.12	2.24
(vs. HIVD)	−2.12	3.00	0.47	0.37	−0.02	0.02	−3.37	2.99
Intercept	24.59	3.89	5.08	0.50	0.72	0.03	54.62	4.38

value < 0.05; ODI : Oswestry Disability Index; NRS: numeric rating scale; EQ-5D: 5-level EuroQol-5 dimensions; EQ-VAS : EuroQol-visual analog scale; SE: standard error; HIVD: herniated intervertebral disc. Reference group of diagnosis dummy variable is dorsalgia.