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| Study measures | Description |
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| Pain Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) [19, 21, 22] | NRS is a numeric version of the visual analog scale in which the participants rate their pain on an 11-point scale. This verbally administered or written scale values range from 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 equaling the worst possible pain. The scale has well-established validity. |
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| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [23–25] | This 40-item inventory assesses two distinct self-report anxiety concepts: state (transitory emotional state) and trait (habitual predisposition to anxiety). Internal consistency coefficients for this scale range from 0.86 to 0.95, whereas reliability and validity have been supported in studies of both patients and normal volunteers. |
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| Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ) [26, 27] | CSQ assesses participant’s coping strategies for pain. Individuals rate how often they use each strategy on a 7-point scale for 6 different cognitive/behavioral coping strategies. The scale has acceptable internal reliability |
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| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [28] | PSQI assesses sleep quality and disturbance over a 30-day time interval. 19 individual items generate seven “component” scores and a global score, where a score of 5 or higher indicates poor sleep quality. This scale has been validated in populations with insomnia and other sleep disorders, psychiatric patients, and normal populations. Internal consistency and reliability coefficient range from 0.80 to 0.83 for its seven components. |
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| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [29–31] | This 21-item inventory screens for presence and severity of depression in adults. Each item, on a 4-point scale, assesses a particular aspect of depression where higher scores are indicative of more depression. The measure is reliable and valid with adults, including the elderly. |
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| Pain Impact Questionnaire (PIQ) [32] | This 6-item, patient-reported outcome measure assesses pain severity and the impact of pain on an individual’s health-related quality of life (HRQOL) over the past four weeks. |
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| Sickle Cell Pain Diary [5] | This pain diary examines painful crises and healthcare utilization events for each participant, noted daily during the study. The sickle cell pain diary included the entire Dinges et al.’s diary with the addition of healthcare utilization items proposed by Smith et al. |
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